



EOG 




GINN 





CopyrightN^_ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/homegeographytypOOfrye 



HOME GEOGRAPHY 

AND 

TYPE STUDIES 



BY 

ALEXIS EVERETT FRYE 

FiKST Slpekintendknt of Schools in Cuba 

AiTiiou OF "Brooks and Brook Basins,'" "First Steps in Geography," 

"Grammar School Geography,''' "Leading Facts 

OF Geo(;rafhy," etc. 




11 mi 

of Congress. 



GINN AND COMPANY 

BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO LONDON 



copvRuaiT, r.iu, by alexis e. frye 



PREFACE 

Aim. . This book aims to present in simple language those subjects 
which will best smooth the beginner's pathway to the later study of 
general geography. A glance at the contents on the next page will 
show the wide range of topics for both city and country pupils. 

Plan. The lessons cover home geogeaphy in its broad sense, and 
not merely definitions of land and water forms. The pupil should 
know a plain and a river, but he should know also what use is made 
of them. The factory and the freight steamer are as important as the 
volcano and the glacier. 

Type Studies. These studies are based upon some of the most inter- 
esting features or wonders of oue country. They aim to awaken 
an interest in the study of geography and to familiarize pupils with 
geographic terms. Other type studies of the girls and boys of other 
LANDS aim to intensify home geography by interesting contrasts. 

Grade. Pupils ready for a simple third reader can begin the study 
of this book. The text is graded with great care. 

Pictures. This is one of the most richly illustrated schoolbooks ever 
sent out to young pupils. Child life is the central thought, as a glance 
at a few pages will show. 

To pupils of this age, good pictures often teach more than text. The 
dress of the people, for example, may impress a lesson on climate, as is 
clearly shown by the pictures on pages 1 and 2. 

Maps. The series of very simple maps at the end of the book will 
be of help in locating places named in the type studies. Moreover, no 
home geography is complete unless it contains maps of all the con- 
tinents, making it possible for pupils to locate places named from day 
to day. The old but simple device pf printing north, south, east and 
west in the map margins is here us.^d. 

Helps. Teachers will welcome the lesson helps. They will aid in 
the study of the text and also in oral work with the pupils. 

First Book in Geography • Copyright, 1910, by Alexis Everett Frye • Entered at Stationers' Hall 

311.8 

ii 

No / 



CONTENTS 



HOME GEOGRAPHY 

rA(ii-; 

Thk Air 2 

The AVatkr 3 

Forms op" Water 4 

The Soil 5 

Autumn 6 

Winter 7 

.Spring .... 8 

Summer 10 

Keeping Record.s 10 

How Plants Grow 12 

(tARDENS 12 

PEARLY Vegetables 14 

The Dairy Farm 15 

AVhAT is Dt)NE WITH THE IMlI.K 10 

Making Butter 17 

Making Cheese 18 

Hill, Valley and Plain .... 20 

The AVhkat Farm 21 

The Flour Mili 28 

Sheep and Wool 24 

Making Woolen Cloth .... 25 

Fibers for Cloth .26 

The Story of Cotton 27 

Uses of Trees 29 

The Useful Palms 30 

In a Forest 32 

Mountains .34 

Volcanoes 36 

How WE Trade 36 

Railroads 38 

Life in the City . 40 

Sewers of a City 42 

Health of a City 43 

Travel in a City 44 

Sending a Letter 46 

Harbor and Port 48 

Why Seaports Grow 48 



PAG K 

AVhy Other Cities Grow .... 50 

Points of the Compass .... 51 

Shore Forms 52 

Factories ' .... 53 

Printing a Book 54 

Binding a Book 55 

The Picture on the Cover ... 56 

Market for (ioons 58 

How Bricks ark Made 58 

BuiLi)iN(; Stone 59 

Trade of a Seaport 60 

Kinds of Work in a City ... 02 

Why Laws are ]\L\i)e 02 

Taxes and their Uses 64 

WONDERS OF OUR COUNTRY 

Yellowstone Park ..... 05 

Mississippi River 66 

(tReat Lakes 69 

Niagara Falls 72 

The Prairies 74 

Mammoth Cave and Natural 

Bridge 75 

Grand Canyon 76 

Yosemite and the P>ig Trees . . 78 

L'^nderground Wonders .... 79 

Sea Wonders 82 

GIRLS AND BOYS OF OTHER LANDS 



The Black People . . 
The Red People . . . 
The Y^ellow People . 
Children of the Far North 
Home of the Lapps . 
Children of the Desert 
The Brown People . . 
In the Lowl.\nds . 
In the Highlands . . 



84 

88 

90 

93 

96 

98 

101 

103 

105 




A red man before his tent 




White boys who live in a cold land 



GEOGRAPHY 



THE EARTH 

We live on a ball. It is very 
large. We call it the earth. 

The land is part of the earth. 
The water also is part of it. The 
earth has air on all sides. 

This book tells alxjut the earth. 
It shows us many pictures. 

See the boys with warm coats. 
They live in a cold laud. They like 



to slide on the snow. We shall 
read about the land they live in. 
It is far away. 

The red man is an Indian. He 
has a gun and a pony. He shoots 
also with a bow. 

This l^ook tells about the people 
of many lands. It tells what they 
do. It shows their homes. 

Geography is a story al)out the 
earth and its people. 



HOME GEOGRAPHY 



1. The Air 

Can yoii. feel the air? 
Swing your hand in it. 

Drop a small piece 
of paper. Why does it 
flutter as it falls ? 

We live and move 
in air. When we walk, 
we move the air as a 
boat moves water. 

We must have air 
to breathe. A bit of 
food in the windpipe 
chokes us. It shuts 
out the air. 

A person chokes 
under water if he can- 
not rise to the air. We 
call this drownino-. 

Bugs need air. They 
find it even in the 
ground. Plants also 
must have air. 

Clouds float in the 
air. They show us" 
which way the wind 
blows. Smoke and dust 
also show us how the 
wind blows. 

The wind is moving 
air. It is often very 




These little people live in a land 

where warm winds blow and 

warm rain falls 




These people live where cold 
winds blow and snow falls 

2 



strong in storms. It 
blows down trees and 
houses. 

Air at rest is calm. 

The wind brings 
clouds, which often 
turn to rain. The wind 
may come from cold or 
from warm places. It 
gives us cold days or' 
warm days. 

We do not know 
how high the air is 
above us, but we know 
it is very high. Clouds 
show us that. 

Far up in the sky 
there is only a little air 
and it is very cold. 

It is hard to breathe 
on high mountains. 
There is not enough 
air. 

The air has many 
other uses. It helps 
birds to fly. It moves 
ships. It turns wind- 
mills. It makes waves 
on water. 

Airships sail far up 
in the cool air. 



Helps : — How do you know there is 
air around u.s '/ 

When does food choke us ? Why ? 
What is drowning ? Why do not bugs 
choke in the ground ? 

How can you tell which way the wind 
blows, far up in the sky ? How do 
winds help to cause 
rain ? How else may 
they affect the days ? 

What is wind '.' 
What is a calm ? 

How do we know 
that the air is very 
high ? How do we 
know that far up there 
is not much air ? 

Name all the uses 
of air you can think of. 

2. The Water 

Water has many 
uses. We could not 
live without it. 
Part of our blood 
is water. 




fish out of the water, its gills 
begiu to dry. The poor little 
thing begins to choke. It cannot 
breathe. For a long time it gasps 
and suffers. At last it dies. 

Never catch a fish except to eat. 
If you catch one, 
kill it at once. Hit 
it a hard blow on 
the top of the head. 
Do not let it gasp 
and choke. 

Some water sinks 
into the ground. It 
runs down to the 
roots and seeds. Do 
you know what 
work it does ? 

If plants cannot 
get water, they dry 
up and die. Water 
carries food to the 
roots. It goes into 



Water helps us Waiting for the fishing boat to come in the roots as sap. 



to keep things clean. We bathe in 
it and wash things in it. 

Fish breathe air, but not as we 
do. There is air in water, but not 
enough for us. Fish have gills to 
take air from water. They die if 
their gills are dry. 

Listen, boys. You know that it 
hurts to stop the breath even for 
a short time. When you take a 



The sap runs up to the buds. It 
swells and opens them. Some are 
leaves. Others are blossoms. 

Helps : — What are the uses of water 
in the home ? 

AMiere are the gills of a fish ? Find 
out all you can about the way fish 
breathe. Why can we not breathe under 
water ? 

Of what use is water to plants ? 



3. Forms of Water 

We have all seen the little cloud 
from a hot kettle. The cloud is 
steam or vapor. So are the large 
clouds up in the sky. Vapor rises 
from water. It is " water dust." 

Have you seen fog? It is a 
cloud near the earth. Most of the 
clouds are high in the air. 




A brook is a small stream flowing over the land 



When clouds are cold enough, 
they turn to rain. It falls in 
drops. Rain is fresh water. 

Most of the rain on the land 
forms brooks and rivers. A brook 
is a small stream flowing over the 
land. A river is like a brook/ but 
larger. 

Water often stands in hollows. 

1 Small brooks are also called branches ; 
large brooks may . be called creeks. These 
names are often used in the South. 



A small body of water in a hol- 
low is a pond. A lake is like a 
pond, but larger. Ships sail on 
some lakes. 

Most of the ponds are wide 
places in brooks. Most lakes are 
wide places in rivers. 

Many rivers flow to the ocean. 
This is a great body of salt water. 
It covers about three 
fourths of the earth. 
We also call it the sea. 
We see water in 
many forms. We see 
it in drops of dew on 
cool grass. We also 
see it frozen in the 
form of ice, hail, frost 
or snow. 

Water has a great 

many uses. It floats 

ships. It turns wheels 

In the form of ice, or 

As 



for mills. 

frozen water, we skate on it. 

snow, we run sleds over it. 

Can you think of any other 
uses of water ? 

Helps : — Where do clouds come from ? 
What are they ? What is fog ? 

What is rain ? When does it form ? 
Where does it go ? What part of it do 
plants get? 

What is a brook ? — a river ? — a 
lake ? Where do many ponds and lakes 
form ? 



To what body of water do many rivers 
flow ? What is the sea or ocean ? How 
large is it ";' 

Name some of the forms of frozen 
water. Wliat are some of the uses of 
water ? 

Name some of the uses of ice ; — of 
snow. 

4. The Soil 

We know that wood rots or 
decays. Rocks also decay, 
but not so fast. They crum- 
ble to sand and dust. 

The wind blows dust and 
sand alDOut. Rain washes 
them here and there. Swift 
brooks push them along. In 
many ways they are broken 
finer and finer. 

Frost cracks rocks. This 
helps them to decay. It lets 
in the air and rain. Roots 
pry off pieces. 

Fine rock dust is soil. 
Plants grow in it. Often 
they die and decay in it. 
Bugs and worms dig in it and die. 
In this way rich soil is formed. 
It is made of rock dust, with the 
things that die in it. 

Poor soil has but little plant 
food. Soil that has much })lant 
food is rich or fertile. 

All rocks are not alike. They 
cannot form the same kind of 



soil. The rock dust may be sand 
or clay. 

Some plants grow best in sandy 
soil. Some like clay soil. Most 
plants grow best in soil that lets 
the rain creep in. 

When plants die they give back 
food to the soil. They decay and 
mix with the soil. This makes 







The top rock decays to form soil 

dark loam. It is rich soil for 
most plants. 

Helps : — • Break up a pebble with a 
hammer. Look closely at the rock dust. 
What crumbles rocks ? 

What is soil ? What is poor soil ? 
What is rich soil '.' ^Mlat helps to make 
soil fertile ? 

Why is not all soil alike ? Name two 
kinds of soil. What is loam ? 



5. Autumn 

Come out to our farm. It is in 
the country. 

The hot days are past. The cool 
days are here. It is autumn. We 




wood & Underwood, N.Y. 



We help put the hay in the barn and in it we 
hide rosy apples 

call it also the fall of the year. 
Can you think why? 

Look at the oaks and maples. 
What bright colors ! The leaves 
are turning red and yellow. Many 



people come from the city to see 

them. 

The tall grass was cut long ago. 

We helped put the hay in the 

barn. The fields are brown with 
stubble. 

Now the men plow some of 
the fields. They sow seeds or 
grains of wheat. It will spring 
up before the snow falls. Then 
it will lie under the snow 
blanket in winter. When the 
snow melts next spring the 
wheat will grow quickly. 

Now off we run to the orchard. 
Up the trees we climb. Fill 
your pockets with rosy apples. 
Let us run to the barn and hide 
them in the hay. 

It is fun to play hide and 
seek in the big barns. We often 
go there on rainy days. How 
good the apples taste when we 
dig them out of the hay ! 

At. the first sign of freezing 
we are off to the woods. Jack 
Frost has been at work. The 
burs of the nuts are burst 
open. Climb up and shake the 

branches. Hear the nuts rattle 

down like hail. 

Watch the pretty squirrels. Do 

you know why they are here ? Oh, 

yes, we will leave some of the nuts 



for them. They too must get ready 
for the long cold winter. 

Helps : — When are the hottest days ? 
\Mieii does autiiiun come ? What colors 
have you seen in leaves ? 

Why is grass cut for hay ? When is 
it cut ? Find out what stubble is. Tell 
about winter wheat. Find out what apples 
keep best 
in Av inter. 
AVliat is an 
orchard ? 

Do you 
know how to 
play at hide 
and seek ? 

Who is 
Jack Frost'.' 
What does 
he do? Do 
you know 
what squir- 
rels feed on 
in winter ? 
What game 
do you play 
in autunni? 



mittens. In the morning we may 
skate on the pond or slide down 
the long hill. 

Morning comes. The merry jingle 
of sleigh bells wakes us. Snow is 
falling and the fields are white. 

The snow will keep the cold air 




Get out the sleds. Look up the warm mittens. Now we can slide down the 
long hills and skate on the ponds 



6. Winter 

Now comes winter, but we are 
ready for it. Peek into the cellar. 
See the beets, turnips, apples and 
other good things to eat. The fire- 
wood is cut. The barns are filled 
with hay. 

Now the sky is gray and the air 
is cold. Get out the sleds. Sharpen 
the skates. Look up the warm 



from the winter wheat and the 
grass roots. Many fiowers will 
sleep under the snow. In the 
spring they will shoot up again. 
To-day we can make a snow 
man and a snow fort. But first 
we must shovel paths to the house 
and barns. We must also break 
the ice where the horses and cows 
come to drink. 



Look at the woods. The tops 
of the trees are bending low with 
snow. What can the birds and 
squirrels find now to eat? 




Copyright, Underwood & liiduiwodil, X.Y. 

Every morning we drive the cows down 
the long shady lane 

The birds sing for us. They also 
kill bugs that feed on grain and 
fruit. When the snow falls many 
little birds go hungry. How glad 
they are to get the crumbs we 
throw out for them ! 



Helps : — When does winter come ? 
Where does snow come from ? What is 
ice ? 

What kind of a sled or bob have you ? 
Where do you coast or slide ? Can you 
find out what makes the sled slide down 
the hill ? Why does it not slide up ? 
Where do you skate ? 

Why do we put bells on sleighs ? 
Do we need them on wagons ? Why do 
we like sleighs better than wagons when 
there is snow on the ground ? 

Did you ever make a little room in 
the snow ? Was it warm or cold inside ? 
rind out what people make huts of snow 
or ice. 

Of what use is snow to the grass ? 
What becomes of all the snow ? 

Of what use are birds to us ? How 
can you pay them for their work and 
singing ? 

What games do you play in winter ? 

7. Spring 

The cold days pass quickly. 
Then comes spring. 

The snow and ice melt away. 
The fields grow green. The birds 
that flew away to find food come 
back again. Soon the fruit trees 
are white and pink with blossoms. 
The flowers in the fields wake up. 
The busy bees begin to hum about 
the blossoms. 

Now we must get the gardens 
ready. Break up the soil and bring 
out the seeds. Soon the green tops 



9 



will peep forth. Then we must cut 
the weeds and keep the ground 
soft. We shall have vegetables all 
summer, and we can put some 
away for fall and winter. 

The men go to plow the grain 
fields. They make long deep fur- 
rows. The sod turns over on the 
stubble. 

The birds 
and chick- 
ens like to 
run in the 
fresh fur- 
rows. They 
are hunt- 
ing for the 
^vornls and 

l)UgS. 

Now the 
iron teeth 
of the har- 
rows smooth the fields. The seeds 
are sown. Each tiny seed may send 
up a green blade. All will grow 
till the fields are green with corn 
or other grain. 

Every morning we drive the cows 
to pasture. x\fter school we drive 
them home again, down the long 
shady lane. Towser helps us. He 
likes to play -with the little bossy 
and bark at its heels, but he never 
makes the cows run. 



Helps : — When does spring come ? 
Tell some things that happen in spring 
but not in winter, where we live. 

Can you find out why some birds fly 
away in the fall ? Try to find out where 
they go and why they come back. 

iSTame some fruit trees you have seen 
growing Which kind of fruit do you 
like best ? When does it ripen ? 




In the apple orchard where the birds build nests. Try to find out why the 
bands are on the trunks of the trees 



Try to find out why trees send out 
blossoms. Does the whole of every 
blossom fall ? Where does the fruit 
grow ? Try to find out how bees help 
blossoms. 

What vegetables have you seen grow- 
ing ? ^Vhy must weeds be kept out ? 

Find out what good it does to plow 
the ground. Where do seeds come from ? 
What is hay ? What is a pasture ? 

How often are cows milked ? Name 
some of the uses of milk. 

What games do you play in the 
spring ? 



8. Summer 

Now the hot days are here. 
School is over. We can run in the 
fields and woods. We can also go 
in swimming. 

Do not think that we play all 
the time. The pigs and chickens 




Wow the hot days are here. We can dive from the post or the springboard 
and swim out to the raft 



must be fed. The weeds must be 
kept out of the gardens. 

We help do the chores and we 
gather the vegetables for the 
kitchen. 

But we are happy in our work. 
It keeps us out in the pure air. 
The birds are singing. The bees 
are buzzing. Squirrels scamper 
about. Why should we not be 
happy ? 

We like to learn all we can about 
the work. Some day when we grow 
up we may have farms of our own. 



We like the summer, even if it 
is hot. The pears and peaches grow 
soft and sweet. The juicy melons 
ripen. The days are long and the 
nights are short. 

As the days grow cooler we go 
back to school. Another school 

year opens. 
We are to 
learn many 
things this 
year from 
all our new 
books. 

Helps : — 
What sea- 
sons come be- 
fore and after 
summer ? 

When is 
school over 
for the year ? What kinds of work do 
country boys learn to do ? Name some 
games that are played in summer. Which 
season do you like best ? 

9. Keeping Records 

Path of the sun. Do you know 
about what time the sun rose this 
morning ? About what time will it 
set to-day ? 

Once a month try to see where 
the sun rises or sets. Try to look 
at it from the same place each time 
and find out if it always rises or 
sets in the same place. 



11 



Find out in what months the 
sun rises exactly in the east and 
sets in the west. Find out when 
the sun rises and sets farthest 
south ; also farthest north. 

Shadow of the sun. Set up a 
pole in the school yard and look at 
its shadow at noon 
at least once ^^^sg^^ 
a week. Find ^ ^ 
out in what part of 
the year the shadow 
is shortest at noon, 
and when it is longest. 

Is there a south window 
in a hall or room that you 
can use at noon once a 
week? If so, mark on the 
floor at noon the edge of the 
shadow of the window sill. 
Do this once a week all the school 
year. The shadow will show you 
much about the sun's position. 

Length of day. Find out when 
the days are longest and when short- 
est. Where does the sun rise and set 
when we have the longest daylight? 

Try to find out how long the 
daylight lasts when the sun rises 
exactly in the east. 

Does the sun cast long or short 
shadows at noon of the long days ? 
Are the shadows long or short at 
noon in summer? 




Seasons. In what season does 
the school year begin ? In what 
season does it end? 

In which season does the sun 
rise farthest north ? In which sea- 
son does it cast the shortest shadow 
at noon ? 

In which season is the sun 

lowest in the sky at noon ? 

When is it highest? Can 

you find out what 

season begins when 

the sun sets in the 

west while it is on 

the way south? Also 

what season begins 

when the sun sets 

in the west while 

it is on the way 

north ? 

Between what seasons is winter? 

Weather. Keep a record of the 

weather every school day. In the 

afternoon write whether the day 

has been hot, loarjn, cool or cold ; 

clear, cloudy, iribiy or snowy ; calm 

or ivindy. Note also where the 

wind IjIows from. Be sure to write 

the date. 

This record will show you how 
to keep yours : 



Apple blossoms 



S(p>f. 1 . 


. warm . 


. rain . 


. no lit ]i east IV hid 


Sept. 2 . 


. cool . . 


. clear . 


. west vlnd 


Sept. S . 


. cool . . 


. clear . 


. northwest ivind 



12 



10. How Plants Grow 

Have you seen the eyes on a 
potato? If not, look for them. 
Do they not look like real little 
eyes? 

Cut off a thick piece of potato. 
Be sure there is a good eye on it. 




Where tall corn grows in deep. 

Put it in damp ground and a plant 
will grow. Sprouts push up to the 
light and air. Others grow into 
the ground and form roots. 

The top sends out leaves and 
blossoms. But the part we eat 
grows on the roots. 

Dig down under the plant. Here 
are several large potatoes. They 
pay us well for the work and care. 

So we may plant a kernel of 
corn. A tall stalk will grow and 
bear long ears. We may plant a 



bean and get from it long pods 
full of beans. The seeds from one 
melon will raise quite a garden of 
melons. 

Where do plants get food to 
make all these things grow? It 
comes from the soil, the water and 
the air. The sun 
also helps plants 
to grow. 

Helps: — Name 
some things that 
grow in gardens. 

Can you think 
why a stone cellar is 
warmer in winter 
than a shed ? 

You can plant a 
piece of potato at 
home. It will teach 
you a great deal. 
What does this les- 
son say about the potato ? 

Name some of the uses of corn. When 
you have a chance look at an ear of corn. 
It is very pretty. 

What do plants feed on ? Where do 
the plants get food ? 

11. Gardens 

"Sweet corn! Green peas! 
String beans ! Vegetables ! " This 
is a cry we often hear in the cities. 
Men and boys are selling truck 
from gardens. 



rich soil 



13 

People in cities have very little There are tools, milk pails, shoes, 
room for gardens. Most of the clothes, flour, salt, sugar and toys. 







Vegetables, 
fruits and honey 



gardens are in the country. But Helps : — ^Vlly are there few gardens 

it is best to have the gardens near in cities ? Wlmt kinds of vegetables do 
a city. Can you think why ? you like ? What is a market garden ? 

Name all the things 
you can that grow in 
gardens. 

Men often gather 
the corn, peas and 
other good things 
late in the day. They 
load them on wagons. 
Then they start in 
the night for the 
city, so as to reach 
the markets early. 
The garden stuff ar- 
rives fresh and firm. 

The wagons do not go back Tell how to get garden stuff fresh to 

empty. They carry many things market. Garden stuff is " truck." What 
that do not grow in our gardens, may wagons carry to, the farms ? 




Boys hauling seaweed. They put it in the gardens. It rots 
and makes the soil rich 



14 



12. Early Vegetables 

How glad we are when spring 
comes ! We like to see the flowers 
bloom, and we like the fruits and 
vegetables. 

At first a few come to market. 
Many people wish to buy them. 
This makes the price high. 

Early gardens pay well. This 
is how men start them. Early in 
the spring the ground is cold. 
Seeds will not start well in it, so 
the soil and seeds are put in boxes 
with glass covers. These are set 
in warm places in the sunshine. 

The glass lets the sunshine in 
and helps to keep the heat in. 

These boxes are hotbeds. They 
keep the soil warm. Thus the seeds 
get an early start in the spring. 

You have seen a mousetrap. 
Hotbeds are heat traps. The sun- 
shine is caught in them. 



In the spring the soil of the gar- 
dens is broken up. At last there 
is no fear of frost. Then the tiny 





Herd of fine dairy cattle. They give rich milk 



An Arab and his camel. The camel gives milk 
to people living in a great desert 

plants of the hotbeds are set in the 
gardens. They keep on growing, 
and thus we get early vegetables. 
Seeds are also sown 
in the gardens for the 
later vegetables. 



Helps : — Why is it hard 

to get fresh vegetables in 
the winter ? Why must the 
price be high ? 

Why can men get a good 
price for early garden stuff ? 
Why do they not sow seeds 
early in gardens ? 



15 



The 



Describe a hotbed. Why may we call 
it a trap ? On which side of a barn or 
hill would you place hotbeds ? 

How do hotbeds help us to get early 
garden stuff? Why do we not need to 
use hotbeds to raise 
late vegetables ? 

13. The Dairy Farm 

A farm is larger 
than a garden. 
Some farms are 
many miles long and wide. 
Most farms are not so large. 

Some farms raise only corn 
or wheat. Some raise cotton. 
To-day we will visit a milk 
or dairy farm. 

The large field is a pasture. 
Grass grows all over it. Here the 
cows feed back and forth. 

Part of the pasture is low. In it 
runs a cool brook. 
The cows come 
here to drink. 
They need clean 
water just as much 
as we do. And they 
like to drink it. 

On hot days the 
cows like to stand 
in the pond and 
chew their cuds. The water feels 
cool, and it helps to keep the flies 
off their legs. 



Part of the pasture runs up 
among the hills. In places there 
are groups of trees. Here the 
cows rest in the shade when the 
sun is very hot. 





Going after milk 



yak gives milk to people in parts of Asia 

Over the fence is the hayfield. 
A long winter is coming and the 
cows must then Ije fed in the barn. 
The clover and tall grass will be 
cut to make hay. 

The farm boy never makes the 
cows run. It might hurt them and 
make blood come in the milk. 

Helps : — What does the lesson say 
about the size of farms ? 

What other name is given to milk 
farms ? Tell all you can about the pas- 
ture. Why do we not wish the cows to 
drink dirty water ? 

Find out all you can about the cuds 
the cows chew. 

Find out why hay must be dried be- 
fore it is put in the barn. 



16 



14. What is done with the Milk 

Now the clean milk cans are 
set out. The men take pails and 
begin to milk. 

The cans of warm milk are set 
in a long box of water to cool. 
This helps to keep the milk from 
soming. 

When the night is warm, the 
cows are left in the big barnyard. 




Sound and round go the churns 

Here they stay till the morning 
milking is over. Then they go 
back to the pasture. 

This farm sends its milk to a 
city. It goes on a swift morning 
train. Many wagons meet the 
train. They take the cans and 
hurry away to leave the milk at 
homes, at hotels and other places. 

Some farms send milk in glass 
bottles to cities. The bottles look 
cleaner than cans, 



Milk cans and pails must be 
kept very clean. One of the men 
tells us how he cleans them. He 
rinses them with cold water. Then 
he washes them with washing 
powder in warm water. 

Next he rinses them with hot 
water. Then he lets hot steam 
blow into each can for about a 
minute. At last he puts them, 
bottom up, on poles or 
wooden pins to dry. 

Do you know why this 
man washes the cans 
with so much care? He 
loves his own boys and 
girls and he knows that 
dirty milk may kill 
many boys and girls in 
the city. He knows also 
that weak little babies 
must drink the milk. 
Now we see why cows and milk 
need care and must be kept clean. 

Helps : — Can you name some of the 
kinds of meat we get from cattle ? — 
from hogs ? — from sheep ? What is 
leather ? 

Why is milk strained ? How often 
are cows milked ? Why are cans of new 
milk often put in cool water ? 

How is the milk sent from the farm 
to the city homes ? How ought cans and 
pails to be cleaned ? Why must they be 
cleaned with such care ? 



17 



15. Making Butter nmn lets the buttermilk rim out. 

Many farms sell their milk to The butter is left, 
be made into butter or cheese. Now the man takes a paddle 
As butter is made of cream, the and works the butter. That is, 
place where it is made is called a he rolls it over, presses it, washes 
creamery. Let us look into one. it with water, presses it again and 

Cream is lighter than the rest of tries to get out all the buttermilk, 
the milk 
and rises 
to the top. 
We can 
skim off 
the cream, 
put it in 
a churn, 
shake it a- 
while and 
take out 
two things: 
one is the 
butter and 
the other 
is the but- 

i. -11 These machines separate cream and skim milk 

The same work is done in a He may also mix a little salt with 

creamery, l^ut in another way. it or he may leave it fresh. 

The milk is put in machines that The butter may now be put in 

turn swiftly. They take the cream boxes or tubs for market. It may 

from the heavy part of the milk, be cut in squares or sent in rolls. 




The heavy part is skim milk. 

The cream stands for some 
time. Then it is put into great 
churns. They turn and turn for 
Jialf an hour or more. Then a 



Helps : — What may be made from 
milk ? What is a creamery ? 

Why does cream rise to the top of 
milk? What is buttermilk? What is 
skim milk ? Tell how butter is made. 



18 




Bottling milk for the city 



16. Making Cheese 

Old milk sours and thickens. 
Tiny plants grow in it and sour it. 
The milk 



curdles. 

The lit- 
tle plants 
grow more 
quickly if 
the milk is 
warm. 

For this 
reason the 
big cans of 
fresh milk 
are often 
set in COO' 
water, or 



they may 
be put in a 
cold room. 
Then the 
milk does 
not sour so 
quickly. 
The milk 
must cur- 
dle before 
cheese can 
be made. 
The hard 
portion is 
now taken 
from the 
liquid. The hard part is curd. The 
liquid is whey. Let us see how 
cheese is made in a factory. The 




Cows feeding in a clean model dairy barn 



19 



cans of milk are poured into a 
great vat. A man puts rennet in 
it. Rennet is from one of the 
stomachs of a baby calf or a lamb. 
It makes the milk curdle. 

It may take an hour for the 
milk to curdle. Then the free 
whey is drawn off. The 
man cuts the curd into 
Ijlocks and works them. 
He rolls each, presses 
it, washes it and rolls 
it over and over again, 
to work out th-e whey. 
Then he may mix a little 
salt with the cuyd or 
leave it fresh. 

As the whey comes 
out, the curd grows soft 
and dry. It is now 
cheese but is not ready 
for market. It is put in 
a strong press to drive 
out still more whey. 

The cheese is now put 
in a room to cure or ripen. 
a time it is ready for market. 

This cheese was made from 
whole milk, or milk with its 
cream. Some cheese is made from 
milk to which more cream is 
added. Cheese is also made out of 
skim milk. 

Most cheese is made of cow's 



milk. Good cheese is also made 
of goat's milk and ewe's milk. 

Whey is good to drink. It con- 
tains sugar and other food. 

On some dairy farms the whey 
is fed to hogs. Good pork often 
comes from such dairv farms. 




C'lipN risht, rndoiwood & I'nilerwood, N.Y. 

Butter churned, worked and salted at the same time 



After 



Helps : — What does sour milk look 
like ? What makes it curdle ? 

What is curd ? What is whey ? 
W^here does rennet come from '/ What 
does it do to milk ? How is cheese made ? 

Which do you think would be richer 
in taste, the skim-milk cheese or the 
full-cream cheese ? 

Name three kinds of milk that make 
good cheese. Of what use is whey ? 



20 



17. Hill, Valley and Plain 

On the milk farm we saw that 
the land was not all alike. Some 
parts were high and some parts 
were low. There were hills, hol- 
lows and level land. 

A hill is high land. Some hills 
are as high as houses. Others are 
higher than the tallest houses. 



Some valleys are small. Others 
are wide and deep. Some plains 
are so wide that a swift train of 
cars cannot cross them in a day. 

Rain and brooks wash much of 
the fine soil from the sides of hills. 
But water runs slowly on level 
land. Here the soil is not washed 
so easily. It is left for plants. 




A hill, a range, a plain, a valley and a brook. The brook flows in the valley 



A row of hills is a rano[;e. The 
picture shows a range of hills. 

Did you ever climb a hill ? What 
did you see from its top ? 

Water runs down the sides of 
hills. It runs into the low land. 

A valley is low land. Some vaV 
leys are between hills. The picture 
shows a valley. Its bottom is level. 

Level land is a plain. A brook 
flows across this plain. It flows 
from the hills. 



This shows why most of the 
farms are on plains. Most of the 
people in the world live on plains. 
Here they find the best soil and 
can raise the things they need. 

Helps : — What is a hill ? What is a 
range of hills ? What is a valley ? 
Where have you seen a hill and a valley ? 

What is a plain ? How large are 
some plains ? 

Why is there more rich soil in val- 
leys than on the sides of hills ? 



21 









JA-J^^ 



'^:t%'. 



A river flows in the valley. Cattle like to wade in the cool water 
It helps to keep off the flies 

Why are most of the fanns in the 
world on plains ? AMiy do most of the 
people in all the world live on plains ? 

18. The Wheat Farm 

The snow has 
all left the fields. 
Spring has come. 
The fanners are at 
work, plowing to 
break up the soil. 

Bring out the 
bags of wheat. 
Look at the little 
kernels. Each is a 
seed. 

Scatter the seeds 
over the field. Let 
the harrow turn 
a little soil over 
them. 



Now the ground 
is seeded. Rainy 
days come. Then 
the w a r m sun 
shines. The seeds 
wake up and begin 
to grow. 

Fine roots like 

hairs creep down 

in the deep soil. 

Green Ijlades push 

their way up to 

the light. The 

stalks grow taller 

and taller. The wind sways them 

like waves. All summer the grain 

grows. Heads of new grain form 

at the top of the stalks. 





This girl is gathering wheat by hand on a great plain 
far over the sea (Russia) 



22 



At last the grain is ripe. Great 
machines cut it and tie it in bun- 
dles. Let them stand in the field 
and dry. 

Now comes the machine to 
thresh the grain. "To thresh" 
means to whip or strike. The 



Winter snow may cover it like a 
blanket. Then the plants make an 
early start in the spring. As the 
wheat is in the ground all winter, 
it is called winter wheat. 

Wheat is to us the most useful 
of all the grains in the world. 





:hf-SYM^t\t>i> 




At last the grain is ripe. Sheaves of wheat on a wide plain in the Northwest. 
Machines cut it and tie it in bundles 



machine whips off the seeds very 
quickly. 

Out goes the straw. There lies 
the wheat. Put it in bins or sacks. 
It is ready to go to the mill, to be 
made into flour. 

Some wheat is sowed in late sum- 
mer or early fall. It starts to grow 
if the ground is warm and moist. 



Helps : — • How does the farmer get 
the land ready for sowing wheat ? Do 
you know how a grain of wheat looks ? 

What is needed to make seeds grow ? 
Where do the new seeds form ? 

How do men thresh wheat ? How is 
it threshed on large farms ? 

What do we call the stalks after 
taking off the grain ? What is winter 
wheat ? 



23 



19. The Flour Mill 

Now we will go to a flour mill. 
It is a lara;e biiildino; near hio-h 

o o O 



The 



falls in a river, 
river is swift. 

The water turns 
great wheels. Water 
power is cheap, but 
rivers may run low. 
Then steam may be 
used. 

Cars and boats of 
wheat are run close to 
the mill. The grain is 
taken into the mill and 
the flour making begins- 

Other seeds may be 
mixed with the wheat 
in the field. These 
mis;ht taste bad in 
flour. So the grain is put into a ma- 
chine that takes them out. It also 
passes between brushes to clean it. 




Brown people 
remove 




The old way of plowing. Some great farms 
now use steam plows 

Now the seeds of wheat are 
clean, but they still have on tough 



coats. These coats are the hulls. 
They must not get into the flour. 
Steam softens the hulls so that 
they will not crumble. 
Now the wheat can 
be run between rollers 
to crush it. Over and 
over it is rolled to 
make it finer. The 
hard parts are sifted 
out. The fine wheat 
powder is flour. 

Some flour is made 
of the whole grain 
except the hull. The 
whitest flour is made 
of only the inside of 
the kernels. 

The flour is now 
ready for market. It 
may be sold in sacks or Imrrels. 
Helps : — ^Vhy are mills built near 
falls ? AVhy may such mills need steam.? 
How may other seeds become mixed 
with wheat ? What harm might they 
do ? Why is the wheat brushed ? 

AMiat are the hulls '' AVhy are the 
grains steamed ? How is the wheat 
crushed? How are the tough parts 
taken out ? 

What is wheat flour ? How is the 
finest flour made ? How is flour put up 
for market ? 

Find out what things that you eat 
have flour in them. Find out how bread 
is made, and what is put in it. 



pounding rice to 
the hulls 



24 



20. Sheep and Wool 

There are many kinds of wild 
sheep. They do not hke woods or 
low lands. They like to live in 
high places. They even climb 
rough mountains. 

The air far up on mountains is 
cold. Perhaps this is why sheep 
have warm wool. Long 
ago all sheep were wild. 
People tamed 
some of 




Sharing her warm shawl with the lamb 

them, to have their wool, meat 
and skins. Some lambs are pets. 

Even the tame sheep like to 
feed in hilly places. They can 
jump quite high, like wild sheep. 

Wool is oily. The oil sheds the 
rain from the sheep. 

Wool is made of fibers. They 
look like hair. We use avooI to 
make warm cloth. 

Here is a picture of a little girl 



and a lamb. The lamb gave its 
wool to help make a warm shawl. 
A cold day has come. The wool 
has grown again, but the girl 
thinks the lamb may be cold. So 
she goes out to share the shawl 
with her pet. 

Wool grows thick and long in 

winter. Can you think why ? 

In the spring the wool is 

just right for clipping. Now 

the sheep are sent to sheds 

where swift machines 

clip off the wool. It 

is sold to make 

cloth, hats, socks, 

carpets and many 

other things. 

5,*^ Lambs not a year 

old have very fine 

wool. It is sold as 

lamb's wool and 

brings a high price. 

There are many kinds of sheep. 

Some have long, fine wool. 

Helps : — Where do wild sheep like 
to live ? Why do they need warm wool ? 

Why did people long ago tame sheep ? 
Why does wool grow oily ? 

What story does the picture tell ? 

When is wool clipped ? Tell about 
clipping it. 

What is said about the wool of little 
lambs ? What kind of wool is best ? 
Name some things made of wool. 



25 



21. Making Woolen Cloth 

Wool often goes to the niill 
dirty aud oily. Steam may be 




Sheep grazing 

l)lowu through it to help clean it. 
The wool is then dried. If it 
is dried too much, it will not feel 
soft and smooth. 

Wool may come to the mill 

in lumps. It is put in a machine 

I that has moving teeth. They pull 

the wool apart and leave it light 

and fluffy. 

If the wool is stiff, a fine spray 
of oil is blown over it. The oil 
softens it. 

Next the wool is carded in a 
machine. It has many teeth like 



a comb, but finer. The wool gath- 
ers on the teeth, like hairs on a 
comb. In this way the fibers are 
made to lie one way. Brushes take 
them off. 

A machine twists the wool into 
yarn. This is wound on great 
spools. 

Pull a piece of woolen cloth apart 
and see how it was made. You 
will find that the yarns cross one 
another. Follow a thread and see 
how it goes over, under, over, 
under. 

Putting threads or yarn together 
in this way is loeavimj. Mills have 
machines that weave the cloth. 

Other fibers are used to make 
cloth. The most useful is cotton. 

Helps : — Tell how wool is cleaned in 
mills. How is it made soft and fluffy ? 

How do men card wool ? 
Why do they card it ? How 
is the yarn made ? 





Some kinds of sheep have very long wool 

What is weaving ? Name a plant 
fiber used in making cloth. 



26 



22. Fibers for Cloth 

A fiber is a very fine thread. It 
may grow in a plant or be spun 
by some little creature. 

Fibers are very useful to us. We 
use them in making thread, twine, 
rope, cloth and many other things. 




CATERPILLAR OR WORM 



C 



V- 






( .e 



MOTH 



Silkworm, cocoons, moths and eggs 

A spider spins a web. It is made 
of fibers. The web is its home. In 
it are caught flies and other insects 
for the spider to eat. 

Silkworms spin soft fiber. They 
wrap the fiber round them. After 
a time they burst the fiber and 
come out as moths. We shall study 
more about this fiber. 

In Africa the black people pound 
bark and get fiber from it. They 
use it in making cloth. 



The brown people get fiber from 
pineapple leaves and make soft 
pretty cloth. They also get fiber 
from a kind of banana plant, to 
use in making hemp rope. This is 
not true hemp. The latter comes 
from hemp plants. 

Flax plants have 
a very useful fiber. 
It forms an inner 
bark round the 
slender stalks. The 
fiber is linen. You 
can see it if you 
untwist a piece of 
linen thread. Flax 
is also the plant 
from which we get 
flaxseed. Linseed 
oil is pressed from 
these seeds. This 
oil is used largely 
in paints. There are many other 
useful fibers. Cotton is the most 
useful of all. 

Helps : — What fibers have you seen ? 
Name some of the fibers you use. Can m 
you draw a spider's web ? ' 

What is the softest fiber you have 
seen ? Where does it come from ? 

What is said about the fibers used by 
the brown people ? For what is hemp 
used ? 

What is linen ? Where do we get 
linseed oil? Of what use is it? 



27 



23. The Story of Cotton 

Cotton grows on a low plant, as 
in the picture. It is found in nearly 
all hot and warm lands, except the 
very dry ones. 

The picture shows how cotton 
looks when the seed pods burst. 
They grow quite large after the 
blossoms have fallen. 

In the pods are 
the seeds of the 
plant. Round the 
seeds grows 
the fluffy 
white fiber 
that we call 
cotton. 

This fiber 
is used by 
people of 
all races, — 
the yellow, 
black, red. 
brown and 
white. One 
half of all the people in the world 
wear only cotton cloth. 
' Just stop and think what this 
means. All their clothing is made 
from this one kind of plant. And 
besides, nearly all the rest of the 
people, except savages, use some 
cloth made of this white fiber. 

Some cotton has long fine fibers. 



This is the best kind. It makes 
the softest and finest cotton cloth. 
Long ago the fiber was pulled 
by hand from the seed. All day 
long a person pulled off the fiber 
and at night found he had only 
about a pound. This work of 
course made the fiber very costly. 




A good crop of cotton. Above is a cotton plant 



Even at this time th^re were 
machines to spin the fiber into 
thread, and others to weave cloth. 

Helps : — What is cotton cloth made 
of ? How widely is it used ? 

What kind of cotton fiber is best ? 
Why was it costly long ago ? Why is 
it much cheaper now ? How much liber 
could a man pull by hand in a day? 



28 



At last a machine was made to 
tear the fiber from the seed. It 
is called a gin, meaning engine. A 
large gin can do as much work as 
ten thousand men. 

Think what a saving this makes 
in labor ! Think also how mnch 
cheaper it makes 
cotton. Now poor 
people can wear 
better cotton cloth 
than rich peo- 
ple used to 
wear. 

Let 
us look 
at the 
wonder- 
ful gin. 
Here is a 
picture of 
it. The 
cotton 
is picked 
in the field 
and put into 
sacks or into 
huge baskets. 

Then it is taken to the gin. Of 
course the fiber is clinging to the 
seeds. 

Now we will drop it into the gin 
at the top. Do you see the saw- 
teeth upon which it falls ? The 



teeth catch the fibers, pull them 
off the seeds and draw them to 
narrow slits. These let the fiber 
pass but hold back the seeds, tear- 
ing them apart. 

Now look for the wheels that 
carry brushes. These brush the 



Cotton containing seeds 
en ters here 




fibers off the teeth and 
move them along out of the 
gin. They are then pressed 
into great bales of about 500 
pounds each and are ready 
for sale. This is the raw cotton 
that goes to mills to be made into 
thread and cloth. 

The cotton seeds are not thrown 
away. They are ]3ut to many uses. 
First they may be put in a 
strong press, to squeeze out the 



29 



cottonseed oil. Some of this is 
used iu making soap and some is 
made into oil for tal)le use. It also 
has other uses. 

The dry part left after the oil 
is pressed has many uses. It may 




Fig tree and figs 



be fed to cattle or may be put on 
the land to make it fertile. 

Our own country has the best 
cotton lands. They are in the 
South, where the days are warm 
and there is plenty of rain. 

Helps : — How much fiber can a gin 
])ull ? Tell all you can about a cotton 
gin. What is raw cotton ? About what 
does a bale of cotton weigh ? What use 
is made of raw cotton ? 

What use is made of cotton seed ? 
Where are the best cotton lands ? 



24. Uses of trees 

How could we get along with- 
out the trees ? But there are lands 
in which no useful trees grow. 

Far away in the North, along the 
shore of the icy ocean, it is too cold 
^-^ for large trees to grow. 
In places may be 
seen tiny birches 
and willows, but 
they are dwarfs, 
growing only a 
1 few inches high. 
Most trees like 
warm, moist air. 
~~^ They grow best 
where plenty of rain 
falls upon the warm 
parts of the earth. 

The trees we see have 
many uses. Some give 
us fruits, as the apple, 
pear and peach. Others give us 
the wood used in making houses 
and for fuel. We use nearly all 
pa,rts of trees. 

Helps : — What is said about trees in 
the cold North ? Where do most trees 
grow best ? 

Can you name a dozen trees that 
yield fruit ? What kinds of wood have 
you seen used as fuel ? 

Name some kinds of wood that are 
used in building houses. Name some 
you have seen in furniture. 



30 



Some of the wood for furniture 
grows in forests far away in other 
lands. The pretty ebony and ma- 
hogany grow in warm lands. 

The wood of many spruce trees 
is ground to pulp and made into 
paper. 

The bark of hemlock trees is used 
in tanning hides to make leather. 
Canoes are often made 
of the bark of birch trees. 

Maple sugar is made 
from the sap of sugar 
maples. Rosin and 
many other gums come 
from the sap of trees. 
India rubber is the 
dried sap of trees that 
grow in the hot and 
damp parts of the earth. 

Cloves are the dried flower buds 
of trees. They grow in hot lands. 

The seeds of one kind of tree 
give us cocoa and chocolate to 
drink. The seeds of another kind 
give us coffee. 

Root, trunk, bark, sap, leaf, seed, 
blossom, bud, — all the parts of 
trees are useful to man. 

Helps : — ISTame a kind of tree used 
in making one kind of paper. Name two 
trees that liave useful bark. 

Tell all you can about the uses of tree 
sap. What are cloves ? 




Cloves are dried flower buds 
of trees 



Where do we get coffee and choco- 
late ? Can you name any other parts 
of trees that are useful to us ? 

25. The Useful Palms 

You know what trees are most 
useful where we live. Let us look 
at some of the trees that grow in 
hot lands far away. Chief among 
these are palms. 

We all know what 
coconuts are. They grow 
on palms. These trees 
like to grow near the 
shores of the salt sea 
and often lean out over 
the water. They grow 
in many hot lands. 

The leaves of this 
palm have strong fibers. 
They are made into mats, rope, 
baskets and cloth. The natives 
make dishes out of the hard shell 
of the nut. 

This nut or fruit has many uses. 
The water or milk in it is very 
good to drink on hot days. The 
" meat " in the nuts is used for 
food. The dried nuts yield oil that 
has many uses. Some of it is used 
in making soap. 

Dates grow on palms. They 
thrive near green spots or springs 
in deserts. They like hot dry air 



31 



but must have water. Dates form useful plants growing in nearly all 
the chief food of people in some the hot lands of the earth, 
deserts. The dates that come to 
us are dried and pressed. 

Oil is taken from th 
seeds of several palms, 
kind of wax forms on the 
leaves of other palms and 
scraped off. Both the wax 
and the oil are used in 
making candles. They 
also have other uses. 

Have you eaten sago 
pudding? Sago is palm 
starch. It grows in the 
cells of the palm trunk. 

Palm wine is made 
from the sugary sap 
of some 
kinds of 
palms. It 
is used by 
people in 
some of 
the hot- 
test parts 
of the 
world. 

Do you 




Coconut tree and coconuts 

Helps : — How large is 
a coconut " A\ hat is in- 
side the haul shell ? 
Name some things that 
are made from fibers in the coconut 
leaves. What more can you tell about 
the coconut palm ? 

What is said about dates? What is 
palm oil ? Tell about the wax palm. 
As a whole, palms are the most What is sago ? What is rattan ? 



know how rattan looks ? It is the 
long stem or stalk of some kinds 
of palms. Rattan is used in mak- 
ing furniture. 



26. In a Forest In the North men go into the 

Name some things made of wood, forests in the fall to work. First 

Do you know where 

wood comes from? 
Each kind of tree 

has its own 

kind of 

wood. We 




Lumber camp 

they lay out a camp. 
The houses are made of 
logs. The picture shows 
one of them. It is used 

Logs ready to float down to a sawmill r i i n ^ 

^ ^ lor a cookhouse, bee 

have hard woods and soft woods, the cook with the white apron. 
Oak, ash and maple are hard. Pine Near it is a large room with 
and spruce are two soft woods. long tables. Here the men eat. 

The other houses 

are for sleeping. 

AYinter comes. 

Many trees are 

now cut down. 

Great sleds may 

be used to drag 

the logs over the 

snow to the rivers . 

Here they are 

piled on the banks 

_ or rolled on the 

Oxen hauling a heavy log river ice. 




33 



In some places the logs are 
hauled on cars to rivers. In the 
South, where it is warm, great 
w^heels or cars are used in place 
of sleds. 

Spring comes. The days grow 
warm. The ice melts in the rivers. 
Rain falls and the. snow melts. 
The streams are hioii and strono;. 

The logs 
float do\Mi 
the swift 
rivers. 

Men go 
along to 
keep them 
out in the 
stream. 
The men 
often slip 
into the 
cold water. 

At tunes 

the logs jam and stop. The logs 
behind push on and pile up. Now 
the men must be careful. They 
may be crushed when the logs 
start again. 

At last the logs reach the saw- 
mill. They float till the mill is 
ready to use them. Then they are 
hauled out of the water. Great 
saws cut them into boards. Thick 
boards are planks. 



The wood may be sawed into 
many shapes. There are shingles 
and the trimmings for houses. 

Much of the spruce wood is 
ground to a soft pulp and made 
into paper. Paper is also made 
from other kinds of plants. 

Men have cut down many trees 
to clear the land for farms. In 




Loading logs on cars to haul out of the woods 



many hilly lands and mountains 
there are larg-e forests. 

Helps : — Xaiiie some of the trees 3-011 
have seen. How can you tell pine Avootl 
from oak ? 

Tell what 3-011 can al)0ut making a 
logging camp. ^Vh^- are roads built ? 
Wh3^ do men float logs down rivers '.' 

Tell al)out the work of getting logs 
to sawmills. Wh}- do not the logs float 
down in winter ? What swells the rivers 
in spring ? 



34 



y^rirc-cf-tx ^^^fc:s^-^5^ - 



^ii&^^&.-=»^^^^^ 




Mountains far south of us (Andes) with snow on their sides. The llamas carry loads 
to miners. High peaks are bare and rocky 



27. Mountains 

A mountain is very high land. 
Ifc is higher than a hill. Some 
mountains have round tops. Others 
have sharp tops. The top of a 
mountain higher than the land 
about it is a peak. 

High peaks rise far up in the 
frosty air. Some are buried in 
snow and ice. 

Grass and trees grow on many 
low mountains. Very high peaks 
are bare and rocky. 



In some mountains the rocks 
are bent. Other mountains are 
made of level beds of rock. 

Water slowly cuts away the 
sides of mountains. The rocks 
crumble to soil. Most of it is 
washed away. In places the rocks 
are left bare. 

A row of mountains is a range. 
A low place over a range is a 
pass. 

Few people live on mountains. 
The land is too rough. Roads are 



35 



hard to make. Some 
people go to the 
mountains for their 
health. The air is 
pure and they like 
to live in the pines. 

Gold, silver and 
iron come from 
rocks. They come 
from many moun- 
tains. 

This little boy 
lives near higli 
mountains. You 
can see them over 
his home. His 
father is a hunter. 
He has brought 
home a deer. The 
boy will have some 
of the meat to eat. 

lyr Wild ani- Return of the hunter with a deer (Alps) 





Low mountains with rounded tops (White) mountains 



mals live in the 
mountains. Here 
they try to hide 
from men who hunt 
them. 

No man with a 
brave and kind 
heart will kill for 
sport. He may kill 
for food. All the 
animal has is its 
life. AYe ought not 
to take that except 
in case of need. 

Helps : — What is a 
inouiitain '/ How does 
it diifer from a liill ? 
\Miat is a peak ? 

What is said about 
very higli peaks ? — 
al)0ut low peaks? What 
is a range ? AVhy do 
few people live on 
mountains ? Y'hy 
do sirk people go 
to the mountains? 
Name three 
metals that come 
from rocks. Name 
sonu! of the uses 
of iron ; — of gold ; 
— of silver. 

What makes 
many wild ani- 
mals go to the 
mountains ? 



36 







A volcano sending out smoke at its top and low down on its sides. This cone is made of 

lava and ashes (Philippines) 



28. Volcanoes 

Smoke and steam rise from some 
peaks. Melted rock also flows from 
them. Such peaks are volcanoes. 

The melted rock is lava. Very 
fine lava is ashes. Some peaks are 
made of lava and ashes. They 
come out of a hole or crater. 

The word "crater" means cujJ. 
The hole is often shaped like a cup. 

A volcano does not send out fire. 
The hot lava may shine on the 
clouds and make them look like 
fire. 

Lava rock crumbles slowly, like 
other rock. When it is fine it 



makes good soil. Some of the best 
farms in the world have lava soil. 

Helps : — What is a volcano ? What 
oomes from volcanoes ? What does 
" crater " mean ? 

29. How we Trade 

We need many things we can- 
not raise or make. We do not wish 
to go far away to other lands to 
buy them. We go to a store for 
them. 

But where do stores get things 
that grow far away? The goods 
come in ships to cities on the coast. 
Such cities are ports. From the 



37 



goods 



are sent to the 



ports the 
stores. 

Thus the farmer may have more 
milk and garden stuff than he can 
use. He is glad to sell part. A mill 
is glad to sell shoes, cloth, tools or 
liunber. 

It is the same with people of 
other lands. They are glad to sell 
what they do not need. 

One land far away 
sends us tea and silk. 
We send Ijack coal oil 
and cloth. Another 
sends us sugar. We send 
back cloth and tools. 

Buying and selling 
is trade. When trade 
is large and with places 
far away, we call it 
commerce. 

Let us study some of 
the things that help 
trade. First come good wagon 
roads. 

A farmer wishes to haul a load 
to market. He knows how strong 
his horses are. He thinks of the 
road. If it is steep or muddy, the 
load must be small. \ rough road 
may break the wagon. 

If the road is firm and smooth, 
with gentle grades, the horses can 
haul large loads. 



A good road helps horses. They 
work hard for only what they get 
to eat and for a place in the stable. 
A bad road may ruin many good 
horses. It may hurt their feet, 
strain them or overwork them. 

Farmers can help by putting 
wide tires on wheels. Wide tires 
do not cut a road very much. 




Ox cart loaded with rice going to market in a city of Japan. 
On this smooth road the little ox can haul a heavy load 



Helps : — Why must we buy at stores ? 
Where do the stores get tea, coffee and 
other goods ? What is a port ? 

What do farmers sell ? What do they 
buy ? What do people in other lands 
sell ? What do they buy ? 

What is trade ? What is commerce ? 

Tell all you can about the need for 
good roads. How can we pay horses for 
their hard work ? 

Who i)ays for roads ? Why should 
heavy wagons have wide tires ? Po 
wide tires pay ? 



38 



30. Railroads 

Once upon a time tliere was grass 
all over a plain. Many 
cattle fed there 
Each year men 
drove the fat 
cattle far 
away to mar- 
ket. The cat- 
tle had to 
walk all the 
way. 

The soil 
was rich but 
only grass 
grew in it. 
Wheat would 
grow there, 
but the market was too far away. 
There was no railroad. It would 
not pay to haul wheat so far in 
wagons. So the people kept 
on raising cattle, for the} 
could walk to market 

At last a rail- 
road was built 
Here 




was a way to send grain far away 
to cities. Most of the cattle were 
sold. Golden grain 
soon waved in the 
fields. This plain 
IS now one of the 
richest wheat regions 
in the world. The rail- 
road helped to 
make it rich. 



Without the 
railroads 
some pla- 
ces could 
not send 
milk to 
the cities. 
The milk 
would all 
sour before the wagons could reach 
the homes of the little children. 



Ship with freight on a deep canal (England) 




Swift train that carries people from city to city 



39 



V^r 



IK^ 



Goods are also carried on lakes 
rivers 



, slow boats. Of course such things 
and canals. Many cities can also go by rail. 

In some dry 
lands goods are 
sent on the backs 
of camels. 



Helps: — How 

may a railroad 
change people's 
work ? Of what use 
are railroads ? C'au 
you tliiuk why cities 
grow up on good 
water routes ? 

Why can goods 
be sent cheaper by 




Slow freight where labor is cheap. HaulinggJieSfs^M^m'^JafaiO 

grow up along such water routes. 
Ships carry loads far across the sea. 

Goods can be sent cheaper by 
water than by rail. The steel rails 
are costly. So are long 
Ijridges over rivers. The 
ocean is level, but trains 
must often go up long 
grades. In some places 
two or three engines must 
be used on a single train. 

Some goods must go 
by rail. It would not do 
to send milk, fresh meat 
and fresh vegetables very 
far on boats, unless they 
are kept cool with ice. 

Coal, bricks, lumber, 
grain and oil can go by 



water than by rail ;' Xanie some goods 
that ought not to be sent very far by 
water unless they are iced. Name some 
goods that can go by slow boat. 




Camels carry goods for people traveling in some dry- 
lands (Western Australia) 



40 




31. Life in the City 

Now for a trip to the city. Let 
ITS go to New York. It is a very 
large city. The tall houses look 
like high walls. They are made 
of brick and stone. How hard the 
streets are ! 
What a noise 
the cars and 
wagons make! 
There are 
cars on the 
street, cars 
over it, and 
cars under it. 
Do boys and 
girls live here, with no big barns 
and green fields ? 

Yes; they live here and are 



:^ J 




Park donkey 



Spotted deer in a park 

of New York is called the East 
Side. It would take a long- time 
to count the school children in one 
square mile. They could join hands 
and reach thirty miles. 

Some days they play in the 



parks. They hear the bands play 
happy. They play ball, spin tops, and they see many pretty flowers, 
roll hoops, snap marbles, swim. In the j^arks they also see cages 



skate, play 
house with 
pretty dolls 
and make 
mud pies. 
This p;irt 




Elephant mother and her baby 



of lions, tigers, elephants, 
monkeys and many other 
wild animals. There are 
bouses filled with pretty 
birds from lands far away. 
A large house in one park 
lias seals and fishes. They 
swim in jdooIs or tanks. The 
seals scream as they splash 
in the water. Lazy alliga- 
tors lie in other pools. Only 
the tips of their noses are 
out of water. 



41 



Yoii slioiild see the fishes. There 
are ahnost every form and color. 
Some can change color while you 
are looking at them. 

There are pretty 
sponges. They 
grow on the bot- 
tom of the sea. 
And there are red 
and white coral. 
They also grow on 
the sea Vjottom. 

Then there are 
the shoj) windows. 
Here we may see 
all kinds of toys. 
There are boats, 
cars, dolls, guns, 
engines, and toy 
dishes. There are 
many other 




Sponge from the sea bottom 



and watch the ships. In school they 
learn what the great ships carry. 

As the boys and girls grow up, 
some work in stores, others work 
in shops or mills. 

Some young men 
learn to care for 
and drive horses. 
Others run cars 
and engines. 




so 

things we can hardly 

count them. 

It is fun to go down 
to the water front. 
Every day great ships 
sail in and out. Some 
come from far over 
the ocean. They bring 
goods and people from 
the other side of the 
world. 

The boys like to go 
down to the wharves 



A queer fish from the deep sea 




Coral from the sea bottom 



Helps : — Do you 
know how to play all 
the games named in 
this lesson ? AA'hich 
of the animals named 
have you not seen ? 

Have you seen any 
toys in a shop win- 
dow ? ^^'hat toy do 
you like best ? Why ? 
How does a steam- 
ship differ from a 
sailing vessel? What 
moves each ? 

What are some of the 
kinds of work done by 
people in cities ? What 
kind of work would you 
like best to do ? 

The teacher will show 
you on a map where the 
city of New York is. It 
is on the east side of the 
great land we live in. 
The city is close by a 
wide ocean on which 
ships' sail. 



42 



32. Sewers of a City 

Gutters are made to gather 



water 



are 
from the 



streets. Holes 




* opyright, Detroit Pub. Co. 

Buildings have pipes to carry off waste water from 
high rooms and deep cellars 

are made in the curbs or gutters, 
to let th« water run into sewers. 
These are long pipes or tubes to 
carry off waste water. They are 



laid under the streets. Rain floods 
the streets, if the water cannot 
run off. Even the cellars of houses 
may be flooded. Wet cellars 
may cause sickness. There must 
be some way to carry off the 
waste water. 

Buildings have pipes to carry 
off waste water. They connect 
with the sewers under the 
streets. These must be large 
enough to carry rain and snow 
water, as well as the water from 
houses. 

Some sewers are large iron 
pipes. Some are tubes or tunnels 
of brick or cement. Some are so 
large that men can walk in 
them. 

Sewers must be deep enough 
to take water from cellars. The 
great pipes must run to the 
lowest part of the city, so as to 
drain all houses. The outlets 
or lower ends are often far from 
the crowded city. 

Bad gases form in sewers. 

To keep out the gases, the pipes 

in houses have bent places or 

traps. These stand full of water. 

The gas cannot get past the water 

in the traps. It rises in long pipes 

or vents to the roof and is blown 

away. 



43 



If a trap leaks and the water 
runs out, the poison gas will get 
into the rooms. People are often 
made sick by this gas and many die. 

Men go down in deep trenches 
and in dark cellars to lay sewer 
pipe. If they do their work well, 
they save many lives. A man w^ho 
does his work well in the dark is 
as true a hero 
as the man who 
does his duty 
in battle. 



Helps: — Where 
does the rain water 
from eity streets 
run ? If the water 
could not run off 
what harm might 
be done ? 

Wliat are some 
of the uses of water 
in cities ? How do 
cities take care of 
the waste water ? 



33. The Health of a City 
Many things in a city may cause 
sickness. Among these are impure 
water, wet cellars, sewer gas. foul 
air, flies and any filth in yards. 
Cities employ health officers to 
look after such things. 

Some one may be very sick with 
smallpox. It will not do to leave 




C..|.> ii-lit. <;(;.i. 1'. Hall X S..II. \.Y. 

Health officers examine people coming in ships to make their homes in 

America. Above is a station (Ellis island) where thousands of such 

people land in New York 



How does the waste 
water from houses reach the sewers ? 
Of what are sewers made ? Why must 
they be laid deep ? Why must they run 
to the lower parts of cities ? Where 
may they end ? 

How is sewer gas kept out of rooms ? 
A\'hen may it get into the rooms ? Why 
are vents put on sewer pipes ? If sewer 
gas gets into a house what harm may it 
do ? 

If you live in a city, find out Avhat 
becomes of the rain falling on the roof. 



him in the heart of the city. The 
germs of this sickness float in 
the air. One sick person may cause 
the death of others. 

The health officers plan for a 
house far from other houses. The 
sick man is taken to it. He has a 
doctor and a^ nurse, and is Q-iven 
ffood care. When he is well he can 
go home. This is one of many kinds 
of sickness the city watches over. 



44 



Health officers look after the 
homes rented to the ]30or. If there 
is sewer gas the owner must have 
the pipes and traps fixed. The 
back yards must be ke|)t clean. 
The owner must keep the house in 
repair, so as to prevent sickness. 




Copyright, Detroit Pub. Co. 

Elevated railway. Cars running high overhead 

Signs are put up, telling people 
not to spit in cars or on sidewalks. 
Spit has often many germs of sick- 
ness. When dry they float in the 
air and people breathe them. Long 
dresses also sweep up germs and 
carry them about. 

Health officers forbid the sale of 
some kinds of food and other things 
that harm people. They carry poor 
sick people to hospitals, where they 
may have free care. In these and 
many other ways the officers watch 



over the health of the city, even 
while we are sleeping. 

Helps : — j^ame some causes of sick- 
ness in cities. Tell about the work of 
health officers. 

Why do doctors vaccinate people ? 
Why should we not spit on walks or 
in cars ? 

34, Travel in a City 

As a city grows, 

the price of land 

goes up. Stores 

take the place of 

homes on the busy 

streets. As more 

people come in, the 

price goes higher. 

Then the buildings 

are made taller, so 

that more stores 

may stand on small lots of land. 

A few years ago men began to 

make the frames of buildings out 

of iron and steel. The beams and 

posts are put together like bridges. 

Upon these the tile, brick and stone 

may rest. In this way a building 

has been made fifty-two stories 

high. It is shown on page 42. 

When people make their homes 
away from stores and offices, they 
must find some way to go back 
and forth. They go home to 



45 



sleep, and each morning go back 
to work. 

Long ago horse cars could carry 
all who wished to ride. But the 
tall buildings led crowds to the 
Ijusy parts of cities and such cars 
could not carry them. 

In some cities cars were 
hauled by long wire rope 
running; nnder the streets. 
This plan is still used in 
places. In other cities such 
cars could not carry the 
crowds. Railways were built 
hiorh over the streets. We 
call them elevated railways. 

Some overhead cars are 
run by steam. Others use 
electricity. But in some cit- 
ies even these cars cannot 
carry all the people who wish 
to sro to the tall building-g. 
So long tunnels or suhioays 
are dug under the streets. Cars 
run in them, and people can be 
whizzed along very fast, as there 
are no wagons or horses in the way. 

Electric lines from cities often 
run far out into the country. A 
map of such lines may look like a 
spider's w^eb. People can go back 
and forth quickly to work. At the 
same time the children can have 
the pure air and outdoor life. More 



people can also own homes, as the 
land in the country is cheaper than 
in the city. Homes in the country 
may be built of wood, while in the 
crowded city streets only brick or 
stone can be used, for fear of fires. 




Curve in a subway where electric cars run underground 

Rivers flow through some cities 
or past them. These may call for 
bridges, so that the land on both 
sides may be used. The great city 
of New York has bridges so high 
that tall ships can sail under them. 
This same city has tunnels in which 
electric cars and steam trains can 
run under the river. 

Helps : — Can you tell why the price 
of land rises in busy cities ? ^^'hy do 



46 



men wish to build stores where the 
most people are ? 

Can you think why very tall houses 
are not built out in the country ? Tell 
how the tallest buildings are made. 




Copyn^lit, I uderwoou & liiiueiwood, N.i. 

One of the great steamships that carry mail 
across the ocean 

As cities grow, why do people move 
their homes farther away from the shop- 
ping centers ? 

Tell some of the ways people reach 
their homes at night and their work in 
the morning. What moves the cars ? 
Why do people like to have homes in 



the country ? Why are country homes 
cheaper than city homes ? Why must 
brick or stone be used in crowded cities ? 
Do you know of any cities that have 
been burned ? 

Of what use are bridges ? 

35. Sending a Letter 

How easy it is to send a letter ! 
We write it, seal it, put on a stamp 
and drop it into a mail box. 

A man comes to the box and 
takes out the letter. He puts it 
in a bag and it goes to the post 
office. Here it is stamped with 
the date. 

A man looks at the letter to see 
where it is going. It may be for 
some person in Cuba. He puts it 
in a bag and sends it to a train. 
Now it is off for some port from 
which a steamer will sail for Cuba. 

The port may be New York. If 
so, the steamer sails far south. 
Days pass. Then a tall lighthouse 
comes into sight. It is at the 
mouth of Havana harbor. 

The mail goes ashore in a small 
boat. The post office is near by. 
Here the letters are again looked 
over, to see where they are going. 
Our letter is tossed into a bag and 
sent to a train. 

Away it goes once more, out 
where sugar cane grows, and 



47 



straug;e fruits we have never seen. 
At last the mail bag is put on a 
little sugar train. The cars wind 
in and out till they reach a mill 
where brown sugar is made. 

Here is a small post office. The 
letters are taken out and given to 
postmen. One of them 
takes our letter and 
starts off on horse- 
back over the moun- 
tains. He stops in a 
little village, knocks 
at a door and hands 
the letter to the person 
whose name is on it. 

Who pays for all 
this work ? We do, 
when we put the two- 
cent stamp on the 
letter. 

Most letters go a 
very short distance. 
Many do not leave the city where 
they are written. Others go far 
away. Thus some call for much 
work and others for very little. 

It would be hard to fix the cost 
for each letter. One might cost a 
tenth of a cent, another ten dollars. 
The average cost in our country is 
about two cents. This amount is 
so small it is put on every letter, 
up to a certain weight. 



Two cents will also carry a 
letter to Cuba or Canada. Letters 
to some countries call for five-cent 
stamps. At the post office you can 
find out the price of sending a 
letter to any part of the world. 

Letters help in trade. Men write 




In some large 
ground. Here 



cities mail is forced by air in long tubes under- 
the bags of mail, just off a train, are going into 
a tube that leads to a post office 

for prices of goods or to order 
them. Checks are sent in letters. 
Money orders are sold at the post 
office and these go by mail. 

Many other kinds of messages 
go in letters. Best of all is the 
letter the young man sends home 
to his mother, when he o;oes out 
into the world to win his way. 

Helps : — Find out all you can about 
the work in a post office. 



48 



36. Harbor and Port 

Some cities grow near the coast. 
Let us see why. 

People often wish to send goods 
away on ships. They also wish to 
bring goods on 
ships from other 
lands. Men try to 
find the best places 
for the ships to load 
and unload. 

The water must 
be deep so that the 
ships will not strike 
bottom. It must 
not be too deep to 
anchor in. It is bet- 
ter if the deep wa- 
ter reaches close to 
the shore. The 
ships can then lie 
beside the wharves. 
This makes it easy 
to load and un- 
load. 

High waves may 
sink ships. Strong 
winds may drive 
them ashore. In 
some places arms of land shut out 
the waves. Hills help to ward off 
gales. 

A body of water like this is a 
harbor. It is a safe place for ships 




Children of other lands like to go down 
to the wharves where boats come in 



to anchor. It is an easy place for 

them to handle freight. 

New York has such a harbor. 

It is deep and wide. Gales cannot 

drive strong waves into it. Ships 
can go in and out 
easily. The water is 
deep close to the 
wharves. The larg- 
est ships can lie be- 
side them to load. 

A city by a har- 
bor is a port. The 
ocean is often called 
the sea. A port by 
the sea is a seaport. 
New York is the 
largest seaport in 
our country. 

Helps : — Why do 

we need seaports? 
Why must the water 
in a harbor be deep ? 
Can it be too deep ? 

Why is it better if 
deep water lies close to 
shore ? Tell what else 
is needed for a good 
harbor. What is a har- 
bor ? 
Tell all you can about New York 
harbor. What is a port ? — -a seaport ? 

37. Why Seaports Grow 

Some seaports are at the mouths 
of rivers. The mouth of a river is 



49 



the part that empties into the sea goods from other lands. Then they 

or other water. It is the lower end supply stores not in seaports, 
of a river. Railroads help ports to grow. 

If a river is deep and wide, just as rivers do. The cars carry 
ships can go far inland. Such a 
rivei helps a poit to giow 



Ci^^vL 1 1 I «;iary,.i, ijb,e.„ 




Boats that go up and down 

The towns and cities along the 
river can use the one great port at 
the mouth. They can send goods 
on boats down to the port. Boats 
can also bring back goods that 
come from other lands. 

The river trade calls for more 
ships, wharves and men in the 
seaport. These men must have 
homes. Workmen move there to 
build them. Stores of all kinds are 
needed. The stores can easily get 



the longest river in the world 

freight and people to and from the 
ports. Many people come to trade 
in large ports. 

If quick trains run, people can 
work in the port and live in the 
country. Thus the suburbs grow. 

Helps : — What is the mouth of a 
river ? How does it help a sea})ort to 
be at the mouth of a river ? 

Wliy do cities grow along deep rivers 
leading to large ports ? How do such 
cities help the seaports to grow ? 



56 



38. Why Other Cities Grow 

We have read about a mill by a 
waterfall. Some falls turn wheels 
for many mills. People are needed 
for the mills. 

They must have homes and 
stores. It is easy to see why cities 
grow near high falls in rivers. 

It is also easy to see 
why cities grow along 
deep rivers. They 
can trade by boats 
with one 

another. / ^'^ 

The boats 
may even 
go down 
to ports 
by the sea. 
Then the 
cities can -*-- 

trade with This steamship uses the 

lands far over the sea. 

Some lakes are very large. They 
are like great inland seas. They 
reach out to farms, forests and 
mines. Great ships gather up the 
products. Large ports grow by 
such lakes. 

There are five such lakes near 
the northern border of our country. 
They are called the Great Lakes. 
A canal and a river connect them 
with the city of New York. 




Chicago is far inland on one of 
these lakes. It is the largest lake 
port in the world. It also has 
many railroads. 

Many cities grow where railroads 
meet lakes or rivers. Goods may 
then be sent by boat and by rail. 
The trade area is larger. Cities 
also grow where rivers meet. 
Cities grow on railroads, 
just as on 
rivers. It 
is easy to 
carry on 
trade. The 



'^ 



compass to find its way across the ocean 

growth is faster if many railroads 
meet in one city. Can you tell why? 

Helps : — Why do cities grow near 
falls in rivers ? Why do they grow 
along deep and "^ide rivers ? 

What is said about the Great Lakes ? 

Find out what canal joins these lakes 
with the Hudson river. How has this 
canal helped ISTew York to grow ? 

What is said about Chicago ? How 
has the Erie canal helped Chicago to 
grow ? 

Why do cities grow near railroads ? 



51 



WEST 



Why do they grow where railroads meet 
lakes or rivers ? — where one river flows 
into another ? 

Find out what makes your own city 
or town grow. 

39. Points of the Compass 

Sailors find their way far across 
the sea. They must n( 

know where north, 
sonth, east and west 
are. We all ought to 
know how to find our 
way. Let us learn 
how. 

The sun rises in or 
near the east. It sets 
in or near the west. 

Face the east. 
North is now at 
your left hand. 
South is at your 
rig;ht. West is be- 
hind you. 

At midday all 
shadows where we 
live point to the 
north. Can you think why ? 

Sailors use the compass to show 
north, south, east and west. Here 
is a picture of a compass. You can 
see a round card with letters on 
it. What are the letters? What 
do they mean ? 

Under the card there is a little 




EAST 



SOUTH 

Compass card 




Ship's compass 



bar or needle of steel. It is a 
magnet. It swings easily. Even 
a breath of air may move it. 

The earth draws this needle and 
makes it point almost north and 
south. In some places it points 
just north and south. The needle 
TH shows sailors where 

north is. 

The sun and stars 
also help sailors to hnd 
their way. They can- 
not see the sun on 
cloudy days, nor the 
stars on foggy nights. 
The little needle points 
out the way even when 
the sun and stars 
are not in sig;ht. 



Helps : — Turn your 
l)a('k to the north. In 
what direction are you 
now facing? Xame 
some objects south of 
you. 

Can you name a 
street that runs north 
Can you name one that 



and south ? 

runs east and west ? 

Point halfway between north and 
east. We call this northeast. It may be 
written N.E. Where will you look for 
northwest ? How else may you write it ? 
Where is southwest ? — southeast ? 

Try to learn how to find north by the 
stars. Can you find' the north star ? 



52 



40. Shore Forms 

We have read about a harbor. 
This is only one of many forms 
made where the land dips under 
the sea. The land close by the sea 
is the coast or shore. 

Some coasts are high and rocky. 
Others are low and sandy. Some 
are nearly straight. Others are 
bent or broken, as in the picture. 



A peninsula has water on nearly 
all sides. One side joins the main- 
land. The word " peninsula ' ' means 
almost an island. 

A neck of land may join a pen- 
insula with the mainland. Any 
neck of land that joins two bodies 
of land is an isthmus. This word 
means neck. Does it not look like 
a neck in the picture below ? 



CAPC "-^ ■"B^SsSe!^"- 



„.-^,-:ys- 





Shore forms where the 

A cape is a point of land that 
juts out into the water. Some capes 
are high and some are low. 

Arms of water reach into the 
land. There are long arms and 
short arms. Some are so large that 
a swift ship cannot cross in a day. 

These arms of the sea are called 
bays, gulfs or seas. A bay is like 
a gulf or sea. 

An island has water on all sides. 
A boat can sail round it. Some of 
the largest cities in the world are 
on islands. 



land dips under the sea 

The word "strait" means nar- 
row. A strait is a neck of water 
that joins two bodies of water. 

Some straits are many miles 
wide. But they are narrower than 
the bodies of water they connect. 

Helps : — What is a coast ? What 
other name has it ? What is a cape ? 

What names are given to arms of the 
sea ? What is a bay ? 

How does an island differ from a 
peninsula ? What does " peninsula " 
mean ? 

What is an isthmus ? — a strait ? 
How do they differ ? 



53 



41. Factories 

A factory is a building in which 
things are made. Some cities have 
many factories. Others have few. 
Let us see why. 

A factory needs power to run ma- 
chines. We have read about water 
power and steam. Steam calls for 
heat, and this calls for fuel. There 
are many kinds of fuel, such as 
wood, coal, gas and oil. 

Machines may also be run by 
electricity. It may be made by any 
jDOwer that will turn wheels. 

A city near fuel saves the cost 
of hauling it far. Many factories 
are Iniilt in cities near coal mines. 
There are many also near gas wells 
and oil wells. 

Long ago most factories were 
built near falls. Many are still 
built there, as the water power 



wood, wool, iron, milk, wheat or 
other things. From them are made 




An island in a lake 

helps, even if other power is also 
used. 

A factory must have goods to 
work with. It may use cotton, 




Ships on the ocean 

cloth, carpets, wagons, plows, but- 
ter or flour. 

Flour mills are built near wheat 
fields and where there is power or 
fuel. Iron mills are built within 
reach of iron ore and fuel. 

Helps : — What is a factory ? Why 
does it need power ? Name two kinds 
of power. What are needed to make 
steam ? 

Name some kinds of fuel Why is it 
best for a city to be near a supply of fuel? 

Why are some factories built near 
falls ? Why may they also need steam ? 

What must a factory have besides 
power ? Name some kinds of material 
used in factories, and tell what may be 
made from each. 



64 



42. Printing a Book 

If you live in a city, perhaps 
you can visit a building where 
books are made. There is much 
to learn. You can see what people 
and machines are doing. 

Look at this book. Tell which 
part is cloth, cardboard, paper, 
thread, glue, ink. All these things 




Pressing pages of type into wax to make 

must be ready before the book can 
be made. 

Many people work on a book. 
Some raise the fiber to use in the 
cloth. Others weave the cloth, 
spin the thread, make the paper, 
the dye, the ink and the glue. 
Others cut down spruce trees to 
make pulp for cardboard. 

Turn to the picture of the two 
boys on page 1. They live far 



over the ocean. Their home is in 
Norway. In winter snow covers 
the land. Then they go sliding on 
skis. They are long flat pieces of 
wood tied on the feet. 

An artist cut this picture in 
wood. Look closely and you can 
see many dots and lines. With 
these he makes the eyes, the mouth, 
the fur coats. 

It took several 
days to cut this lit- 
tle block of wood. 
The work is very 
costly. Such pic- 
tures are bright and 
clear and do not 
harm the eyes to 
look closely at them. 
The words of this 
book were set in 
type. Each is a lit- 

copper plates ^|g p-^^^ ^f ^^^^^ 

with the letter on one end. See 
how many jDieces were used on a 
single page. Each piece in the 
whole book had to be lifted from 
its box and set in place. 

But the book was not printed 
from type or woodcut. When these 
were set up together, they were 
pressed into hard wax. Then a 
thin copper plate was made on the 
wax, looking just like the type 



55 



and the picture. The type would 
wear out too quickly. The copper 
wears a long time. Hot metal is 
run on the back of the plate to 
make it stiff . and strong. Each 
plate is a page. 

Now the plates are put on a 
press. Ink rollers run over them. 
The ink sticks 
to the raised 
lines. Then 
great cylinders 
press clean pa- 
per upon the 
plates. They 
print the pages. 

You ought to 
watch a press 
at work. It 
moves as if it 
were thinking. 

Helps: — Of 

what is this book 

m a d e ? N a ni e 

some of the kinds of work that must 

be done before a book can be printed. 

What is said about woodcuts ? How 
are the phites for printing pages made ? 
How was this book })rinted ? 

43. Binding a Book 

The press does not print one 
small page at a time. It prints 
large sheets with many pages. 

Now a machine folds the sheets. 



Its rubber fingers lift just one sheet 
at a time, better than your fingers 
could. Little clasps come up and 
catch hold of the sheet. It is then 
pulled under blades, which fold it 
this way and that, till the pages 
read ], 2, S, 4, and so on. There 
nmst be no mistake in the order. 




Pouring hot metal on the back of a copper plate 

The folded sheets are now put 
in a long; machine that y;athers all 
the leaves of the book together. 
These are sewed with strong linen 
thread. Now they begin to take 
the form of books. 

These are fed into a cutting ma- 
chine. When each bundle comes 
out, the edges are cut on three 
sides. 



56 



Now let us see how the cover is 
made. A long roll of cloth is fed 
into a machine. A blade cuts the 
cloth the right size. Each piece is 
now covered with glue. Tubes 
suck up two pieces of cardboard 
and carry them over the cloth. 
In just the right place they are 
pressed down on the cloth. 




Cylinders press clean paper on the plates and print the pages 

The machine now turns over the 
edges of the cloth and presses them 
down. The glue holds everything 
in place. 

Next the machine places the 
cover on a pile of others, where 
men can take them. All this work 
is done inside one machine. It is 
worth a long trip to see it. 

Now the covers are put, one at 



a time, in a very strong press. It 
stamps the picture and the name 
of the book on the cloth. 

But the work is not yet done. 
The covers are not on the books. 
Men now spread glue upon the out- 
side leaves and press the covers on. 
Then they put the books in presses 
to hold them flat while they dry. 

There are 
many other 
things to see 
in a printing 
house. Many 
hundred people 
work in the 
great building 
in which this 
geography was 
printed. 

Helps : — Tell 

about the folding 

machine ; about 

the machine that 

trims the edges. Tell how the cover of 

this book was made. What else was 

done after the cover was made ? 



44. The Picture on the Cover 

A book calls for much thought 
and care. Even the little picture 
on the cover teaches a lesson. 

The picture was pressed into the 
hard cover with a die. This must 



57 



be very strong to stand the pres- 
sure. It was cut in brass. 

The lines of the die ninst be 
made thick, so as not to l)reak un- 
der the press. They are not hke 
the fine lines of woodcuts. 

Now let us see what is in the 
picture on the cover. There are the 
three ships of Columbus. The ship 
on which he sailed was the Santa 
Maria. It has a cross on the sail. 
Behind are the Pinta and Nina. 

In the left half of the picture 
are four little shields. Two belonu 
to our country. The castle and 
lions on one shield show a coat of 
arms of Spain. The lower left 
shield has an old coat of arms 
of Italy. 

Now for the story of the picture. 
There is the Atlantic ocean, with 
the Old World and the New. The 
ships are crossing the ocean. A 
man from Italy, but sailing from 
Spain, reached America. 

The picture shows the strange 
liirds that led Columbus to think 
he was near land. Even when the 
sailors wished to kill him he would 
not turn back. He asked them to 
sail one day more, and land was 
found. 

Notice that the sails are full. 
The ships are sailing west. The 



wind blows from the east, behind 
the ships. This is the belt of trade 
winds that scared the sailors, as 
it blew them always away from 
home. They thought they could 
never sail back towards the east, 
ao-ainst the wind, but thev did. 




Stamping book covers 

The story of Columljus is the 
story of a hero. When you pick 
up this little book, look at the 
picture on the cover. It tells 
you to press on bravely in your 
work and you will succeed. 

Helps : — Tell all you can about the 
picture on the cover.' 



68 



45. Market for Goods 

A factory must have a market 
for its goods. A lumber mill would 
be of little use if people did not 
use wood. Men build factories to 
make what people need. 

Farms need wagons, plows and 
farm tools. Cities near 
by are likely to 
make these very 
things. 

Most of the 
hats, shoes 
and clothing 
are sold in 
cities. Here 
is where 
most of them 
are made. 

Mills need 
workmen that 
are very skillful 




Here, then, are some 



things that help mills and 
factories to grow : water power, 
cheap fuel, raw material and good 
markets. And we must not forget 
skillful workmen. 

If you live in a city, try to find 
out what the factories make, and 
why. Find out where the raw 
goods come from. Find out where 
the new goods are sold. What rail- 
roads bring goods to your city? 



Cloth weaving 



Helps : — Why are factories built ? 
Why must there be a market for the 
goods ? 

Name some things likely to be made 
in cities near farms. Why is much 
clothing made in cities ? 

Of what use are skillful workmen ? 

Name some things that help mills to 
grow. 

46. How Bricks are 
Made 

We know that 

it is unsafe to 

build houses 

of wood in 

large cities. 

If one house 

burns, others 

close to it are 

likely to burn 

also. Cities use 

mostly brick and 

' stone. 

A great city needs many 
bricks. They are made of 
clay. The clay is dug out of the 
ground. 

The clay for bricks is put in 
mixing machines and wet. These 
machines turn the clay and mix 
it to a thick paste. This is put 
into molds, or rows of boxes just 
the size and shape of bricks. 
The clay is pressed hard in the 
molds. 



59 



The molds are lifted away and 
we see a row of bricks. They are 
too soft to use, so they are first 
set one side to dry. Now they are 
only wet clay. They will not be 
hard bricks till they are burned. 

At last the bricks are dry enough 
to handle without breaking. Now 
they may 
be piled 
in great 
masses. 
It would 
require a 
longtime 
to count 
them alL 

Spaces 
are left 
for the 
hot air 
to move 
in among 
them, to 
dry them. ^^^^°g 

We may now build hot fires in 
the pile of bricks. The fires burn 
day after day till the bricks are 
dry and hard. 

Bricks are of many colors. There 
are red, brown, yellow, white, green 
and blue. The color depends on 
the heat and also on the kind of 
clay used. 



If bricks are used where you live, 
try to find out where they are made. 

Helps : — Tell how bricks are made. 
^^lly are they burned ? Why must bricks 
be very strung ? 

47. Building Stone 
Stone for buildings comes from 
tlie ground. The place the stone 




sandstone from a quarry 

comes from is a quarry. Here is 
a picture of one. 

The inside of the earth is rock. 
There is rock under all soil. There 
is rock under all water. Often 
there is soil between the rock ana 
the water. 

Dig deep enough anywhere and 
you will find solid rock. In some 



60 



places it comes to the surface. It 
shows in ledges. 

Stone or rock may be cut quite 
smooth with steel chisels. These 
are struck with hammers. 

There are also machines that 
pound and smooth the rock. Some 
of it is also sawed into blocks and 
slabs. Machines 
also rub on the 
stone and polish 
it. 

Marble takes 
a fine polish. 
Much of it is 
used inside of 
houses. It looks 
clean and pretty. 
The outside of 
some houses is 
also made of 
marble. This 
stone is often 
used for statues. 

Granite also 




Girls in Japan picking tea that may come in a 
ship to our country 



takes a good polish. This is per- 
haps the best of all kinds of build- 
ing stone. 

Sandstone is not so hard as 
granite. The grains are looser. 
Sandstone is pretty. It may be 
red, brown, gray or blue. 

There are other kinds of rock 
used in houses. Slate is used on 



roofs. The word "slate" means c/izJ9. 
The rock chips off in thin layers. 

Men open quarries as near cities 
as they can. Of course you know 
why. Cheap stone helps cities to 
grow. 

48. Trade of a Seaport 

A ship is coming into port. Let 
us go aboard. A 
pilot is steering, 
so that it will 
not run aground. 
Sailors are scrub- 
bing the decks. 
Men are tending 
the engines. 
Officers direct 
the work. 

This ship has 
come far across 
the ocean. 

Now come the 
men to unload. 
Wao;ons stand 
ready to haul 
goods away. Some also go on cars 
and boats. 

The tea goes to a grocer. The 
cloth and laces go to a dry-goods 
store. The spices go to a factory 
to be ground to powder. The knives 
and razors go to a hardware store. 
Here are crates of toys for the 
toyshop. This gold is for a bank. 



61 



These wild animals are for a park. 
The gems are for the jeweler. And 
still there is more in the ship. 

Now comes a ship with l^ales 
of cotton. It goes to mills that 
make cloth. The cotton comes 
from New Orleans. 

Here is a shi|) 
from far-off Culja. 
It bring-s sacks of 
brown sugar. This 
goes to a Ijuilding 
where men will 
refine it to make it 
white. 

This ship is from 
South America. It 
brings wool, sheep- 
skins and hides of 
cattle. Mills get the 
wool. The skins 
and hides go to a 
tanner. He will tan 
them and make 
leather. 

Here come great 
boats or barges with coal. The 
coal is for the mills, the stores 
and the homes. 

And all the time river boats 
are coming down. They bring 
bricks and stone. They bring lum- 
ber from sawmills and wheat from 
farms. 




Boys far away in Asia, putting pieces 
of shell in wood to look like flowers. 
These may come in a ship to our country 



Cars also are coming to the city. 
This early train l)rings milk and 
garden stuff. Here is a train of cat- 
tle, sheep and hogs from the West. 
Cars and boats bring many peo- 
ple to the city. Some come to 
their daily work. 
Others come to visit 
and see the sights 
of the city. Many 
come to buy goods. 
()thers come to go 
on ships to far-off 
lands. 

This is a mere 
glimpse. Only a 
visit to the city 
can show the many 
kinds of work done 
there. 

Helps: — If you 

were on a ship coining 
into port, what kinds 
of work niiyht you see 
men doing '.■■ 

ISTanie some goods 
that come into ports. 
Can you tell where any of them come 
from ■' Where may they be sent from 
the ships ? 

Why do cities need much coal ? 
Name some things that would be likely 
to reach the cities by train. 

Why do morning and evening 
trains carry many people to and from 
cities ? 



62 



49. Kinds of Work in a City 

What can a seaport do with all 
the goods sent to it ? It uses some 
of them. Others it sends away. A 
port supplies many cities and towns. 

It is easy to see why people 




Little Irish girls who live on an island west 
of Europe, but they play games as we do 

build all kinds of workshoj)s in 
such cities. They can get plenty of 
goods to work with. Ships, boats 
and cars often come loaded. 

Now let us see what kinds of 
work must be done. Wagons must 



have drivers. Cars cannot run 
without men. Ships need sailors. 
Stores and markets need clerks. 
Mills must have workmen. 

There must be many people to 
tan hides, make shoes, refine sugar, 
grind spices, build houses, make 
dishes, make furniture and handle 
coal. All these people must have 
clothes. They must have hats, 
suits, socks and many other things. 
The making of clothing is the chief 
work in most of the great cities. 

The people must also be fed. It 
takes a great army of men and 
women to feed a city. Wagons 
hurry food to the homes and the 
hotels. Cooks prepare it. Men and 
women serve it. There are many 
kinds of work in a great city. 

Helps : — Can you tell why people 
build mills in cities ? 

ISTame as many kinds of work done in 
cities as you can think of. Name some 
goods that city people make. 

Why must cities make a great deal 
of clothing ? Tell as well as you can 
where cities get various kinds of food. 

50. Why Laws are Made 

We hear people talk about laws. 
Let us find out what a law is, and 
what it is for. 

All games must have rules. 
There are rules for playing ball. 



63 



The rules tell how many may play 
on a side, where the bases are, when 
a player may rim and when he is 
put out. AVe could not play ball 
without rules. 

There are rules in hide and 
seek, marbles, tag or catch, and 
puss in the corner. It is fun to play 
when all obey the rules. 

Every family has rules. 
There is an hour for din- 
ner. You know when you 
are to go to bed and when 
you must get up. You 
know that rough games 
must not be played in 
the house. 

Every school has rules. 
One rule tells when school 
shall begin. Another tells 
at what hour it closes. 
Rules tell what you shall 
study each year. Is there 



us what our rights are, and also 
what rights others have. 

People vote to make rules or 
laws that all must obey. They 
make laws to punish for stealing 
or setting fire to a house. 

We obey a law when we pay 
taxes. We obey a law when we 




Boys on an island far across the Pacific ocean. They are 

playing ankle ball. They kick the ball with their ankles 

and keep it going, as we play ball with our hands 



a rule 

telling to which school you must 
go, and how many months each 
year ? 

We can make rules for our 
games. Parents make rules for the 
family. The teacher and school 
trustees make some of the rules 
for schools. In cities ]:)oards of edu- 
cation make rules for the schools. 

Good rules help us to play, work 
and live in the best way. They tell 



keep to the right in driving or 
when we put a stamp on a letter. 

Helps : — \Vhat game do you like 
best ? ^Vhat are some of its rules ? 
Can any game be i)layed without rules ? 

Of what use are rules in the home ? 
Would you be glad to have no dinner 
hour '' If there were no rules, when 
would school begin ? When would you 
have a vacation ? 

What is a law ? Who make it ? Who 
must obey it ? Without laws, who would 
build roads ? 



64 



51. Taxes and their Uses 
All the people wish to have good 
schools. All wish to have good 
roads. They need police to keep 
order in the city. They need fire- 
men to protect their homes from fire. 




These little folks live far away in the highest 

part of Asia, but they play hopscotch with 

about the same rules we have here 

The people also need judges. 
There must be jails or prisons for 
men who commit crimes. 

Cities make homes for very poor 
people and take care of them. They 



look after the bhnd and the deaf 
and dumb. 

There are hospitals for the sick 
and wounded. People who are too 
poor to pay can receive just as good 
care and food as the rich. 

We must not forget that the 
city makes parks where we can 
go to play games and breathe 
fresh air. 

It takes a great deal of money 
to pay the bills for a city. People 
vote to pay taxes to raise the 
money for paying such bills. A 
person who owns very little pays 
a small tax. A person who owns 
more pays a larger tax. This 
is fair. 

Helps : — What bills must be paid 
for schools ? 

What bills must the city pay to pro- 
tect the homes against fires ? If a man's 
house does not catch fire, ought he to 
pay j^art of these bills ? 

Why are all people glad to pay taxes 
for the poor, the blind and the feeble- 
minded ? Why do the deaf and dumb 
need schools of their own ? 

Find out all you can about the work 
of officers that serve in the city or town 
you live in. Do the people elect them ? 
What pay do they receive ? How long 
do they serve ? What are their duties ? 

Who have to pay taxes ? Find out 
how often taxes must be paid ? To whom 
are taxes paid ? 



WONDERS OF OUR COUNTRY 

TYPE STUDIES 

52. Yellowstone Park 1 slopes and tumble over cliffs. This 

The western part of onr country park l^elongs to the whole nation. 

It is to 1)6 saved, for all 
time to come, as a land of 
wonders. 

Here wild animals 

make their home, free 

from the hunter's gun. 

There are deer, bears 

, and buffaloes, as well 

' as many others. 

; This park is famous 

for its (jci/scrs and hot 

springs. 

Geysers are spout- 
• ing springs of hot 

water. In places 
the hot water shoots 
out of the ground 
far into the air. It 
often rises as high 
as a very tall tree. 
Steam escapes with 
a roar. The ground 
trembles. 

In some geysers 
the water falls back 
to be tossed forth 



has high mountains. One chain 
is called the Rocky mountains. 
It has many ranges and groups 
of rocky peaks. 

In this chain lies Yellow- 
stone park. It is not like a 
city park, with little beds 
of flowers, cages for birds, 
lily ponds, walks and 
drives. It was not made 
l)y man, but is natural. 
It is a large tract of 
wild country. 

Here are seen 
huge peaks with 
many a crag. Here 
also are deep and 
narrow valleys or 
gorges worn in the 
rock. In the West 
snch gorges are 
called cantjons. 

A large lake and 
many small ones 
spread between the 
ranges. Rivers rush down the 




A geyser spouting in Yellowstone 
park, in our country 



^ into basins, 

iTo Teaciiehs : The object of these type again. In others it is blown away 

studies is twofold: the places are of deep in- -^ ^ ^^^^ s^ ^^^^ .^^j. 

terest ; the text calls torth many geographic _ . , 

terms. — the alphabet of geography. is a grand sight'. 

6.5 



66 



There are basins that do not 
spout. The hot water rises in them 
and forms pools or hot sj)rings. 
These often overflow. 

You have seen sugar dissolve in 
water. Hot water dissolves lime 
and other rock. As the water cools, 
the rock settles out of the water 




Mammoth hot springs in Yellowstone park 



and becomes hard again. Thus hot 
springs make the rims of their 
basins. Some make terraces of 
stone, as shown in the picture. 

This park is so large it takes 
several days to go through it. 
Then a person sees only a small 
part of it. 

Helps : — Where is Yellowstone park ? 
See i->u(je 111. Can you think where the 
Eocky mountains got their name ? 



How does this park differ from a 
city park ? Name some of the objects 
you might see in Yellowstone park. Why 
do many wild animals make their home 
here ? Name some of the animals that 
may be seen in this park. 

Tell what you can about geysers. 
Tell about the hot springs. AVhat do 
the pictures show about each ? 

53. Mississippi 
River 

The upper end 
of a river is its 
source. It may 
be a S'pring, or 
water coming 
up out of the 
ground. It may 
be a lake or it 
may be melting 
ice or snow. 

A river flows 
on a hed. This is 
the land under it. On the two sides 
of a river are its hanks. They are 
the sides of the trough in which 
the water flows. 

In naming the banks of a river, 
face doivii the stream. On the right 
is the right hank. 

If a river bed is very steep, the 
water may fall over as a cascade 
or a cataract. A cascade is a small 
waterfall. A cataract is large. 



67 



Some parts of river beds slope Rivers bring down mud. Some 

so tbat the water flows swiftly, form mud islands at their mouths. 
The swift parts 
of rivers are 
rapids. Many 
flow so swiftly 
that boats can- 
not pass tliem. 
Canals, or deep 
channels, may 
be dug past 
such s w i f 1 
waters. The 
boats then 




go through the canals. The lower 
end of a river is its mouth. One 
river may flow into another, or it 
may flow into a lake or the salt sea. 



Such mud islands are 
deltas. 

Often several rivers 
run together to form 
one river. This is the 
main or tnod- stream. 
Tlie trunk has other riv- 
ers for branches. 

A main river with all 
its branches is a river 
system. All the land 
that sends water to a 
system is its hasin, or 
river valley. 

Helps : — Tell what eacli of these 
Avords means : river source, bed, banks, 
spring, cascade, cataract, rapids, delta, 
branch, river system, river basin. 



68 



Now we can read about a great 
river in our own country. Long 
ago the Indians named it the Mis- 
sissippi. This means the Father of 
Waters. 

This long; river starts from wet 
lands where there are many lakes. 



third of all our country. In it are 
the best farming lands in the world. 

The upper part of the great river 
has rapids and falls. Boats cannot 
pass them. But the falls turn many 
wheels in mills. 

Most of the river is deep enough 




Unloading barges on the bank of the Ohio river 



The source is a small lake, or per- 
haps a tiny stream flowing into it. 

This source is not far from the 
north side of our country. The 
mouth of the river is at the great 
gulf of Mexico. It is an arm of 
the ocean, on the south side of our 
country. 

The basin or valley of this river 
is very large. It covers about one 



for large boats. Many deep branches 
also join the trunk stream. They 
bring water to make the river 
larger as it flows down. In places 
the river is a mile wide. 

When heavy rains fall and snow 
melts, this river rises over parts of 
the low lands near it. In places 
high banks, or levees, have been 
built to keep the river in its bed. 



69 



The longest branch of this river 
is the Missouri river. The word 
" Missouri " means iniiddi/ ivater. 
The Indians gave it this name. 

The source of the Missouri is in 



this river ? Where is its mouth '.' What 
is said about the size of its basin Y 

AVhat is said about the dejith and 
width of the Mississippi river ".' 

What is a levee ? When does the 
Mississippi overflow its banks ? Tell 



the Rocky mountains. From this what you can alwut the ^Missouri river. 




Relief map of the United States 



source to the moutli of the Missis- 
sippi, the water flows over 4000 
miles. This is the longest river 
in the world. We may call it 
the Missouri-Mississippi. Later we 
shall read more al:)Out it. 

The longest l)ranch from the 
east is the Ohio river. It flows 
from the Eastern highland. 

Helps : — What does the name " Mis- 
sissippi " mean? Where is the source of 



54. Great Lakes 

Along the north or northeast 
border of our country lies a row 
of valleys partly tilled with water. 
They are very large and cover 
many miles. The water is fresh. 

These bodies of water are lakes. 
We call them the Great Lakes. 
There are five of them. 

The Great Lakes hold aljout half 
the fresh water on the earth. Large 



70 



ships steam about over them and 
great cities are growing on their 
shores. 

These lakes form a chain, with 
each lake for a link. Rivers and 
canals join the lakes, and ships can 
thns go from one to another. 

Lake Superior is the largest of 
the lakes. In fact the only fresh 




Ship canal past the rapids of St. Marys river, the outlet of lake 
Superior. Find the long bridge over the river 



lake larger than this in all the 
world is Victoria, in Africa. 

St. Marys river flows from lake 
Superior. This river flows swiftly 
over part of its bed. This part is 
so sloping that the river here forms 
rapids. 

Two large ship canals are built 
along the banks of the St. Marys 
river. These carry ships past the 
rapids. In this way boats of all 



kinds can pass to lake Huron. 
From this lake they can go into 
lake Michigan and reach the city 
of Chicago. 

Boats from lake Huron can also 
go down a stream to lake Erie. 
Then in a canal they can go to 
lake Ontario. From the latter 
flows a long river to the ocean. It 
is the St. Law- 
rence river. 

Thus we see 
that each of 
the five lakes 
has an outlet. 
You can see 
why this name 
is given. It 
lets out water 
from the lake. 
A stream flow- 
ing into a lake 
or pond is an 
lakes have many 



Some 



inlet. 
inlets. 

Most lakes have but one outlet. 
It is at the foot or lower end of 
the lake. We speak of the place 
of the main inlet as the head of 
the lake. 

The five lakes are not only large 
but they are also very deep. The 
bottoms of all but one are below 
the level of the sea or ocean. 



71 



Some lakes are salt. Let us see 
why. There is salt in nearly all 
the soil on the earth, but in most 
places there is very little. Rain 
water creeps in the soil and takes 
np some of the salt. In time it 
reaches brooks and rivers. There 
is not enough salt to taste. 

After a river has been flowing 
for a long time into a lake tliat has 
no outlet, it may carry in enough 
salt to make a salt lake. As the 
water of the lake rises in the form 
of vapor, the salt is left in the 
lake. 

Salt lakes are found in lands of 
light rains. There is not enough 
rain to fill the hollows and make 
them overflow to the sea. If they 
were to overflow, the salt would 
run out with the water and the 
lakes would then Ije fresh. 

Now we see why the Great 
Lakes are fresh water. Each lake 
has a good outlet. The tiny bit of 
salt that runs in small rivers into 
the lakes keeps on to the ocean. 

We shall stud}' a great deal about 
these lakes. Near their shores are 
mines of iron and copper, forests, 
and fields of grain. 

Helps : — ^Vliat is a lake ? AMiat is 
a })Oiid '.' ^^'hf re are the Great Lal^es ".' 
What is a chain of lakes ? 



How can ships go from lake to lake ? 
Which is the largest of the Great 
Lakes ? Name the largest fresh lake 
in the world. 

How much water do the (xreat Lakes 
hold '.' How can s!ii])s get out of lake 
Supei'ior '/ Into what lake do they then 




Arch rock on the strait between lakes Huron 
and Michigan 

sail ? On what lake can they reach 
Chicago '.' How can a l)oat from lake 
Huron reach lake Ontario ? To what 
great body of salt water does lake 
Ontario send a river ".' 

What is the outlet of a lake ? AVhat 
is an inlet ? Where is the foot of a 
lake ? Where is its head ? 

Tell why sonre lakes are salt. Why 
are there no salt lakes in rainy lands ? 
Tell whv the Great Lakes are fresh. 



72 



55. Niagara Falls 

The outlet of 
lake Erie is Niag- 
ara river. It flows 
to lake Ontario. 

This river is 
noted for its great 
falls. They are one 
of the wonders of 
the world. 

The river starts 
as a smooth stream. 
In a few miles it 
changes to rapids. 
Then it leaps down 
into a deep gorge, 
from a high cliff. 
An island divides 
the falls into two 
parts. 

The falls are 
three fourths of a mile wide. They 
show the size of the river. This is 






Niagara gorge below the falls 



Two views of Niagara falls 

a large stream to run out of 
a lake day after day. 

The water leaps down a 
hundred and sixty feet, with 
a roar that is heard far away. 

At times huge pieces of 
rock break from the cliff and 
fall with the water. Thus 
the falls are slowly moving 
back upstream. 

Long ago the falls were 

several miles farther north. They 

fell over the edge of a long bluff. 

^ Step by step the rock has 

Ijroken under the falls and 

thus the river has made a 
[ long deep valley or gorge. 
' On the side of the gorge 
-' you can see the layers of 
_ „ ^, rock. The river runs far 

below. 

After the river tumbles 

into the gorge, the water 

runs smoothly for a while. 




I ■') 



Then it rushes and foams in rap- 
ids. Ik'low. it runs smoothly aii;ain. 
Tims it hows to lake Ontario. 

No one knows how old the falls 
are. The rock breaks away very 
slowly. The work nmst have gone 
on for thousands of years. 

People from many parts of the 
world visit these great falls. They 
like to watch the great wall of wa- 
ter tumbhng int(j the deep gorge. 
They- like to hear the roar and see 
the clouds of mist rise. They like 
also to think of the mighty work 
done by the river, in cutting the 
great gorge. 

This is one of the rivers that 
give power to mills. Part of the 
water aljove the falls is led into 
great tul)es where it strikes wheels. 
These turn swiftly and give the 
power. 

The wheels turn electric ma- 
chines. They make electricity. This 
is led far away on wires to many 
cities and towns. There it is used 
to run cars, light houses, run mills, 
and do other kinds of work. It 
would take thousands of horses to 
do as nnicli work as the water 
pouring down the long tubes. 

After the water turns the wheels 
it runs Imck into the river below 
the falls. 



Helps: — W'hci'e is ^iiaf^ara I'ivfi'".' 
Between Avliat lakes does it flow '.' Which 
of these lakes is tlie higher ".' 

How Avide are the falls".' How high 
are they ? How do the falls move very 




1, x.v. 



Machines for making electricity at Niagara 
falls. They are run by water power 

slowly upstream ".' How was the long 
gorge made ":' 

What becomes of the river below the 
falls ? A^']lat is said about the age of 
these falls ".' AVhy do people visit them ? 

A\'hat use is made of part of the Avater 
of iS'layara river ? 



74 



56. The Prairies 

West and southwest of the 
Great Lakes are rich farm lands. 
They are the best corn and wheat 
lands in the world. They also 
have the most cattle. 

These rich lands are called 
2)7rdries. The word means mead- 
oiDS. They are fertile plains. 




Where the Indian hunted deer the white man tills the soil. This 
picture shows a steam gang plow turning over soil in the prairies 



Page 22 shows a harvest of wheat 
on the prairies. 

Long ago no white men lived 
in the prairies. No wheat grew 
here and not a cow, sheep, horse 
or hen was to be seen. But there 
were many deer, buffaloes and 
wild turkeys. 

Tribes of Indians had villages 
in the rich lands. The red men 



hunted while the sc[uaws planted 
corn. 

Trees grew along the rivers and 
in some other places. But most of 
the area was a sea of grass. Fires 
often swept over the fields. The 
animals fled for their lives. Then 
when the green grass grew, they 
came back to feed. 

Now all is changed. 
The deer have been 
killed or driven away. 
Only a few buffaloes 
are alive and these 
are kept in parks. In 
the great grassy area 
are now many farms. 
Towns and cities have 
taken the place of 
Indian villages. 

Where the red man 
hunted, the white man 
tends cattle, sheep 
and horses. The In- 
dian runner used to carry news 
from tribe to tribe. Now the news 
flashes along wires. 

All over the prairies, trains of 
cars gather up products where long 
ago the prairie fires swept. Such 
is the change made by the w^hite 
man. And people are still living, 
who have seen most of this great 
change in the prairies. 




<> *^i«JSi«^^^ 



i') 



Helps : — Where are the ])raii'ies '.' 
Name some of the })ro(luets. 

Tell about the prairies before the 
eoniiiig of the white inau. Tell what 
changes have taken place. 

57. Mammoth Cave and Natural 
Bridge 

We have read that water can dis- 
solve the rock called lime 
stone. Of course 
it docs this work 
very slowly. 

In places there 
are thick beds of 
limestone in the 
ground. Water 
may slowly take 
np this rock and 
run away with it. 
In this way the 
water may make 
great caves. 

Mammoth cave 
is one of the most 
noted. '' Mam- 
moth" means 
veri/ large. 

The map on 
page 111 shows 
where this cave is. It runs for 
miles in the ground. Some parts 
widen into great rooms. 

In places forms like icicles hang 
down from the roof. Others rise 




Caverns of Luray 



up from the Hoors. The dripping 
water formed them, ])y leaving 
lime aljove and below. 

Blind fish are found in Avater 
in the great cave. Even if they 
had eyes they could not see, for 
the cave is very dark. Perhaps 
the first fish there had eyes. But 
long ages passed. The 
eyes were not 
used. As little fish 
grew and died, 
the eyes lost more 
and more of their 
sight, till at last 
only scars showed 
where eyes used 
to be. 

Our country 
lias several large 
caves. Some are 
called caverns. 
The caverns of 
Luray {jmge 111) 
are noted for both 
size and l)eauty. 

In some places 
the roofs of caves 
have fallen. If 
parts of the roof stand, they may 
form stone arches. One of these is 
known as the Natural bridge. A 
small stream Hows under it, along 
what was once the Hoor of a cave. 



76 



Helps : — How are some caves formed ? 
Tell what you can about Mammoth cave. 

Give another name for cave. In what 
part of our country are the caverns of 
Luray ? For what are they noted ? Tell 
how the ISTatural bridge was formed. 

58. Grand Canyon 

We have read that in the 
West a deep gorge is a canyon. 
There are many deep can- 
yons in our country. They 
were worn by rivers. 

There are many high 
plains between the Rocky 
mountains and the Sierra 
Nevada. These plains are 
rough and many ranges rise 
in them. Such high plains 
are called ijlateaus. 

Rivers wear deep canyons 
in the plateaus. Some have 
been worn by the Colorado 
river. Here we find the 
Gyxind canyon, the most 
noted in the world. 

In places this canyon is 
about a mile deep. Its sides 
are rocks of many colors. 
There are gray, brown, red, 
yellow and purple. Yon 
should see them at sunrise or sunset. 
First one color and then another 
catches the light. Parts of the walls 
of this canyon are made of marble. 



Branches of the river have also 
cut deep canyons. In some of these 
are found ruins of strange homes. 
They are in caves in the cliffs. 




NATURAL BRIDbE VA 



All but this part of a cave roof fell 

The Indians who made these 
homes were not here when the 
white men came. We call them 
Cliff-dwellers. We do not know 



77 




wlicu' they ^\ent. Per- 
Ihips tliev wciv all killed 
t)\ other ^\;ulike Indi- 
ans of the ])lat(MUs. 

The homes were Imilt 
in ea\es in the eliH's to 
l)e safe from attack. In 
some of the e<i\es are 
found l)ones of the peo- 
})le and some of their 
cloth and clay dishes. 

Helps: — Tell about the 
Grand canyon. Sre page 
111. Tell about the Cliff- 
dwellers. 



78 



59. Yosemite and the Big Trees 

The word "nevada" ine^ins snoivi/. 
"Sierra" means a ram/e looJdng 
like sawteeth. 

Far west of the Rocky mountains 
is a high range called the Sierra 



In places cliffs rise half a mile into 
the air. 

Pretty streams flow to the edge 
of the deep valley and tumble over. 
In the wet rnonths one small river 
falls a fourth of a mile and then 







Yosemite valley, California, on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada 



Nevada. Can you think why the 
name was given to it ? 

This rang;e is not far from the 
shore of the Pacific ocean. It is 
famous for gold. See page ill. 

On the west slope of this range 
lies the Yosemite valley. It is very 
deep and its sides are very steep. 



winds down the valley. In summer 
it often dries up. 

Many people visit this valley 
to see the grand sights. 

Heavy rains reach the west 
slope of the Sierra. They come 
in winds from the ocean. This 
slope has large forests. 



79 



Here are found the famous />/>/ 
trees. Some are over a tboiiwaiid 
years old, — perhaps three thou- 
sand. They were growing before 
a white man ever saw the land 
we live in. They had stood for 
long ages before Columbus saw 
America. 

Some of these trees are over 
three hundred feet high. They 
are the larg-est 
trees known in 
the world. The 
log cabin looks 
small at the 
foot of the tree 
in the picture. 

Helps:— Wlmt 

does the name 
"Sierra Nevada"' 
mean ? Where is 
this high range ".' 

Where is the 
Yosemite valley? 
Tell all you can about this deep valley. 

On which slope of the Sierra do heavy 
rains fall ? Why ? Why does this slope 
have forests ? Tell about the big trees. 

60, Underground Wonders 

Coal is found in layers of rocks. 
In some places it is near the sur- 
face. In other places deep mines 
are dug to reach it. 



(Joal is made of ])lants that grew 
long ages ago. Most of the plants 
were ferns and mosses. They were 
as large as trees and grew in wet 
lands or swamps. 

Year after year the plants grew 
and died in shallow water. They 
made thick beds of dead plants. 
At times rivers buried them under 
thick layers of mud or sand. 




Some of the famous big trees of California 

Then more plants grew. As they 
died they made another bed. More 
mud and sand came down and 
buried them. 

After long ages the mud or clay 
and the sand turned to stone. The 
clay became slate. The sand be- 
came sandstone. In the stone the 
-beds of plants slowly grew hard 
and made coal. 



80 



Some coal beds are only a few 
inches thick. Others are many feet 
thick. The forms of ferns and 
mosses are still seen in coal and 
in slate. The picture shows some 
of the old ferns that made coal. 




Some of the beds of rock have been bent. Parts have been 
worn away by rain and rivers 



Some of the beds of rock and 
coal have been bent np to form 
hills and mountains. In places 
they are deeply worn by rain and 
rivers, so that the coal is at or 
near the surface. 

Our country has very rich coal 
minjs. Coal is found in the 



highlands both in the East and in 
the West. The best mines are in 
the East. Here are found both 
soft coal and hard coal. 

There are also coal mines in 
the prairies. Soft coal comes from 
them. 

Let us visit a hard- 
coal mine. It is in the 
Eastern highland of 
our country. Here are 
the best mines of hard 
coal in the world. 

A great hole or shaft 
has been sunk hun- 
dreds of feet in the 
ground. This hole is 
to lower men to work, 
hoist out coal, pump 
out water and pump 
in air. 

Such a mine is like 
any deep well. Water 
may run into it from 
cracks or seams in the 
rocks and also from 
the loose ground. Pumps must be 
kept going, or the mine will fill 
with water. 

Men drill holes in the hard coal 
and blast it with powder. This 
makes smoke that is bad to breathe. 
Foul gases also come out of the 
coal. Some catch fire, explode, 




81 



and kill miners. Another gas often Uli" the track, please! Here 

chokes miners to death. comes a mule hauling a car of 

Now do you see why engines coal. This is ready to l)e lioisted 

keep pumping air into mines? It is out of the mine, 

to blow out the load gases and give Let us go in. We could follow 

the miners fresh air to breathe, the tunnels for miles and miles, 



Let us go down 
into the mine 
Put on thi 
rubber coat. 
for the mine 
is a damp 
one. Water 
drips in it. 
And put on 
this cap with 
a little light on 
it, for we shall 
go into some 
dark places. 
Round the 
light is a fine 
wire screen. 
Gases cannot 
catch on fire 
through such a 
screen. This is 
a safety lamp. It is very useful. 

Now step into the elevator 



])ut weneednot 
J, go so far. Here 




In this building the coal is sorted to sizes and loaded on cars. The boys 

above are picking slate out of the coal as it runs down the chutes. The 

plants shown above are coal ferns 



is a little side tunnel where men 
are at work. They are drilling a 
Down we go nearly a quarter of hole. In this they will put powder 
a mile, — down, down, down. and a piece of fuse. You know what 

Here we are at the bottom. We tlie fuse of a firecracker is. 
step out into a long tunnel. It Now it is ready. Touch off the 
has electric lidits. fuse. "Fire!" shouts a man and we 



82 




all run back. Bang ! goes the blast, 
and we hear the coal rattle down. 
Enough has fallen to keep two men 
busy for the rest 
of the day. They 
will load it on the 
cars, and mules will 
drag it away. 

Here is a small 
boy sitting by a 

large door. " What ^ ^''^^^ ''^ ''''^''' 

are you here for, little man? How the coal runs 
long have you been here ? " 

" I come every morning," he 
says, " and stay all day. My work 
is to stay here all alone in the 
dark and open and close this door 
for the mule cars. I close it to 
turn fresh air into tunnels where 
men are working." 

We go on, but for days we think 
of the little hero 
sitting in the dark, 
while other children 
play games out in 
the sunshine. Think 
of him when you 
warm your hands 
before a bright coal 
fire. Think also of 

the men who work ^^^ ^^^^ ^^0"^ sea bottom 

hard to get out the coal. sponges grow 




Do you see the boys in the pic- 
ture on page 81 ? They are pick- 
ing slate out of coal as it runs by 
them. The hard 
coal comes up in 
lumps. These are 
broken up and the 
coal sorted to sizes. 
The slate will not 
burn, and must be 
taken out. Then 
into cars and is 
shipped away. 

Helps : . — What is coal made of ? Tell 
how it is formed in the ground. What 
kinds of stone often form beds above 
and below coal ? 

What is said about the coal mines of 
our country ? What two kinds of coal 
are named ? 

Tell all you can about the visit to 

the coal mine. What is done with the 

coal after it comes from 

the mine? Have you 

ever seen slate ? 



61. Sea Wonders 

There are won- 
ders in the sea as 
well as on the land. 
Strange fish and 
pretty corals and 
in the sea. You 



Now we will go out of the mine 
and see what becomes of the coal. 



can see three of them on page 41, 
Here are others. 



83 



Coral grows on the sea Ijottom. Waves break olf pieces of coral 

It arrows best in clear water in and wash them on top of the rest. 



the warm parts of the sea. 

The coral you have seen 
is hard. But when growing 
it has tiny soft spots. They 
are living bodies.. Each one 
has a mouth and a stomach. 
The food comes from the 
salt sea water. 

The soft part is a polyp. 
The hard part is coral. 

Some coral grows like 




Eacli storm sends up more, 
till the bank is above the 
water. In this way coral 
islands grow in the sea. 

The waves soon grind 
some of the coral to dust 
and thus make soil. Sea 
plants float to the new 
shore. They decay and mix 
with the coral soil. 

Seeds also drift to the new 



trees. The polyp sends out Sponge from land. Plants soon spring 
buds that form branches. '"^ ^^"''"' up. Now the coral island is 
The polyps on the branches bud ready for man to come and make 
ao-ain, and thus a coral forest it his home, 
grows. The soft polyps die and are Sponges also are hard parts of 



coral, little creatures that grow at the 
bottom of the sea. 



washed away. The 
or hard part, is left 
standing. 

Many polyps work 
to make the little 
pieces of coral you 
see. Each polyp looks 
like a wee flower. It 
may be red, pink, 
yellow or brown. 

Polyps lay eggs in 
the water and they 
float about. If they 

reach a hard bottom in clear .^^^^^^^^. ^j^^ g^.^^^^tli otVoial. 
warm water, they start a new Tell how a coral island may form in 

coral forest. the sea. Where do sponges grow ? 




Coral from the sea bottom 



When a sponge is 
wet it feels soft. 

Many people gain 
a living from the sea. 
Some sail on ships. 
Others catch hsh. 
Others gather corals 
and sponges. 

Helps : — \Miere does 
coral grow "/ \Miat is a 
polyp '.' Tell all you can 



GIRLS AND BOYS OF OTHER LANDS 



TYPE STUDIES 



62. The Black People ^ 

The home of the black people 
is far away. It lies to the south- 
east, across the ocean. 
We call it Africa. 

This land is very 
large. It has great 
deserts, or dry places 
and also long riv- 
ers, grassy plains 
and wide forests. 
The largest river, 
near the middle 
of Africa, is the 
Kongo. In its great 
valley live many 
of the black people. 
See page 115. 

Here is a black 
boy. His face shines 
like coal and his hair 
is woolly. The girls 
and boys that play 

1 To Teachers : These 
lessons are type studies 
of the races, and also aim 
to picture the relation of 
man to climate and other 
strong physical conditions. 

This is not the time for a complete study of 
the continents, but as each group of people is 
studied, the teacher can locate it upon one of 
the maps at the end of this book. 



with him have the same color and 
the same kind of hair. 

Let us watch them make a play 




The play hut 



Black people of Africa carrying 
elephant's tusks to the coast 

hut. It will be just like 
the one they sleep in. 
They break off strong 
reeds and set them 
up in a circle in the 
ground. Then they 
tie others on top to 
make a roof. They 
have no string, but 
use long grasses. 
Now the boys tie 
bunches of grass all over the reeds 
and the hut is done. A place is 
left for a door but there is no 



84 



85 



window. The hut has no chinniey, roar like lions and chirp like 
for the hre is huilt outdoors. This birds. "Now they run otf to play 
is a hot land. The girls and boys a game ol' ball. 

The boys like to hunt 

in the woods. They 

go off with 

bows and 

arrows and 

drive away 

the little nion- 

ke3's that come to 

steal corn from the 

fields. 

In the woods the boys 
may see large animals. 
There are lions and elephants. 
Now they are making little Now and then they see a hippo- 
things for the hut. The girls are potamus in the river, 
weaving a mat out of grass for a The girls help their mothers, 
bed. The boys are shaping dishes They pound corn between stones 




never sa^^ snow ^'^^^mAT 

or ice. Most of 

the time they WWL % 

sleep out on the 

ground. 



of wet clay. They 
will l)ake the clay 
in a fire and make 
it hard. 

The hut is ready. 
The bed is made. 
The dishes are bak- 
ino;. Now for some 
games ! One boy 
beats on a hollow 
log for a drum and 
the others dance. 
They can keep time 
well. They sing, 




Rapids of the Kongo river 



and make meal for 
porridge. They help 
make cloth. You 
could never guess 
how they make the 
cloth. They soak 
long strips of bark 
in water. Then 
they pound them till 
they are soft. When 
the bark is dry they 
give it to the father 
and he makes it 
ilito clothes. 



86 



Supper is ready. Here are 
eggs, fresh fish and porridge. 
Isn't that a good supper for 
the little black people of the 
Kongo ? Often they have meat 
of wild animals to eat. When 
they wish sweet food they eat 
sugar cane. They have bana- 
nas also, and dates. 

As a rule, all go to 
bed at dark, for there 
are no lamps. 

If one of these black 
boys came to our home, 
how many new things 
we could show him ! 
How a horse would 
scare him, or a sheep, 
or a pig ! He would 
run from the cars, and 
his eyes would almost 
jump out of his head if he saw a 
boy riding on a common bicycle. 

How strange a 
snowstorm would 
look to him, and 
what fun for him 
to ride the first 
time on a sled or 
bob ! 

The black girls 
and boys deep in 
the Kongo forests 

have no schools. Taking a ride 




Among the black people 
of Africa 




They never saw a book or a pic- 
ture. But they have seen 
many strange things that 
we have never seen. 

These black people are 
Nearroes. Some have been 

o 

taken away from their homes 
in Africa and sold as slaves. 
x\ll the black people in our 
land are free. 

North of the Kongo the 
Negroes have built large 
towns. They have many 



87 



camels and often cross 
the desert of Sahara 
with them. They carry 
ostrich feathers and 
tnsks of elephants, salt 
and the gums of trees. 
These they sell to tlie 
white people north of 
the desert. 

South of the Kongo 
are other black people. 
They make garden 
tools and weapons of 
copper and iron. They 
have cattle and raise 
large crops of corn. 

Here are also the lit- 
tle black people called 
Ilottentots. They live 
in tents and dress 
in the skins of ani- 
mals. The women 
do all the hard 
work. They have 
dishes of 1)aked 
clay, and spoons 
and pans of turtle 
shell. 

Many white peo- 
ple live in the far 
south and north 
of Africa, as well 
as in towns along; 
the seacoast. But 



r' 



^'-t\ 




Negress of Africa 




Carrying a Negro baby 



middle Africa is the land of 
the black people. 

Helps : — ^^'llat land is tlie lioiiic of 
the Mack people 7 Where 
is it ■' Name one of its 
large livei's. 

Tell how the little black 
folks make a playhouse. 
AMiat (lid tliev make to 
})ut ill the hut 7 

Tidl about the games 
of the little black people. 
Name some animals they 
see. Name some plants 
they see. 

What kind of work do 
the girls do 7 How is the 
cloth made ? Name some 
of the kinds of food they 
have. 

What do you have that 
the savage black boys 
do not have ? What 
is a slave ? 

Tell what you can 
aliout the black peo- 
ple that live far north 
of the Kongo valley. 
Name some products 
they sell to white 
peo})le. 

What is said about 
the black people south 
of the Kongo? Tell 
what you can about 
tlie little Hottentots. 
In what parts of 
Africa do white peo- 
ple live ? 



88 



63. The Red People 

Here is an odd cradle. 
It is made of a piece of 
board wrapped in cloth. 
"There are pretty beads 
on the cloth. 

Day after day the cradle 
swings here, and in it is a 
baby with black eyes. Its 
hair is straight and its 
skin red-brown. It is an 
Indian baby. 

This red baby lives in 
our own land. Others live 
in lands far sonth of ours. 
When the baby's fingers 
are strong he will shoot 
with the bow and arrow. 

Here is an Indian boy with his 
bow. He is the son 
of a chief or head 
man of a tribe. 

This red boy 
lives in a tent. 
He can run 
races, wrestle, 
swim, play 
ball, hunt and 
fish. He can 
also ride the 
swiftest pony -^ 

and hunt small 
wolves like the one 
shown in this picture. 




An Indian baby in 
cradle 



its 




Small wolf 



Indian girls stay at 
home and work. They 
cook, and hoe the corn. 
They help to skin the ani- 
mals their fathers kill. 
When moving camp, the 
girls help take down and 
put up the tents. They 
also help to carry the 
tents and kettles from 
place to place. 

Indian girls find some 
time for play. They are 
very fond of dolls. Of 
course you know what 
kind of cradles they make. 
They use little tents for 
playhouses. 

Let us visit an Indian 
camp in the evening. 
Here is a big drum. 
It is made out of a 
hollow log. The 
drum beats and 
red men come 
out to dance. 
At first they 
move slowly. 
Then the drum 
beats faster. 
The men keep 
time. Faster 
they go, and 
swifter still, 



89 



yelling as if they were fighting. 
The boys look on and are happy. 
Some day they will have the same 
dance. To-night they will hear 
long stories. Then they will go to 
their tents and dream of the time 
^vhen they will be in battles. 

Some Indians live in tents. 
Others have good houses made of 
wood, brick or stone. These ha\e 
herds of cattle and fields of grain. 

The red men used to use clubs 



The red men tauglit the pale 
faces how to make canoes of birch 
bark and shoes of soft deerskin. 

Helps : — }io\v is the red l)ab}'s criidle 
made ? How does the l)al)y look '.' 

Find out what a tribe is. Find out 




Indians and their tents. Above is an Indian boy, son of a chief 



tomahawks, bows and arrows. 
Now they have rifles. Most of 
them are good riders. They like 
to ride ponies without saddles. 

Most of the Indians in the world 
live in lands far south of us. 



what a chief is. What games does the 
red boy learn to ])lay ? 

Tell about the work of the Indian 
girls. What kinds of homes do the red 
men live in ? What weapons do they 
know how to use ? What did the red 
men teach the white men ? 



90 



.^ 



J 



64. The Yellow People 

To-day we will visit the little 
yellow people of Japan. Their 
home is far to the west 
across the sea. They 
live on islands east of ( 
Asia. See map on page 114. ^^ 

The girls and boys of Japan 
have round faces. Their black 
eyes are slanting. Their skin 
is brownish yellow. 

It will pnzzle you at first 
to know which are the boys, 
for they dress nearly like the 
girls. Look closely and you 
will see that the boys' heads 
are shaved almost bare. The 
girls' hair is twisted into all 
sorts of odd shapes. 

What large sleeves ! Let 
us look inside one of them. 
It is used as a pocket, and 
are dolls, tops, small kites 
other toys tucked into it. 

How would you like to wear a 
pair of their shoes ? 
They are simply 
wooden soles tied 
on. The shoes are 
not worn in the 
house. They are 
slipped off at the 
door. 

The children of 



Japan have a "doll day." Every 
girl has a set of dolls. They are 




here 
and 




Japanese houses 



Scenes in Japan 

made to look like real live people. 
The dolls have tiny wooden pil- 
lows, soft mats and tea sets. On 
this happy day the whole land is 
alive with dolls. 

Then there is 
" flag day " for the 
boys. They play 
with dolls dressed 
like soldiers. Here 
are armies of dolls, 
with flags, guns 
and swords. At 



91 



this time the l^oys hear stories terus, kites, hats, cups, napkins 

about wdv. and many other things. 

In Japan the streets are Hned There are no chairs 

^vith toy shops. Men on the street in the house. All sit 

make animals out of liee paste, on mats of cloth or 

The girls and boys call out the straw. There is no 

names as soon as they guess what table, Imt the tea and 

he is making. They know the rice will be served on 

monkey, wolf and bear, Ijut do a tra}" that stands on 

^ not know the sheep, short legs. In some 

Here is a man houses you would see 

uho rents an oven meat, fish, beans and 

to the little folks, a grain called millet. 

He gives them bat- Our little friends 

ter and they can eat with chopsticks, 

cook and eat little These are two slender 




cakes. Tlie man also 
sells cakes spread 
\\ith fish. 

Have you found 
out what the girls 
have on their l^acks ? 
They wish to play Init must take 




How the baby 
sister sleeps 



sticks of wood or 

ivory. They take the 

place of a spoon or 

fork. You A\'ould find 

it hard to get the rice into your 

mouth with the chopsticks. 



Japanese boy 
on stilts 



Peep into this workshop. Here 
care of the ba])ies. The girls tie is a man making pretty vases of 
the babies upon their backs and clay. Another is carving ivory, 
run out to play. Near by is a room in which soft 

Let us go into one of the houses, silk is being woven into costly 
It is made of 
bamboo and has 
wide eaves. See 
the thino's made 
of paper ! Here 
are jDaper doors, 
paper fans, lan- 




Pleasure boat on one of the short rivers 
of Japan 



cloth. 

Now let us go 
out in the coun- 
try. Jump into 
this cart and a 
man will run 
'with us like a 



92 



pony. Here is bamboo growing. In this land are many temples. 

It looks like tall corn. Many of Round them are gardens of flowers. 



the houses are made of bamboo. 




One of the many temples in Japan 

We pass w^et fields of rice and 
hills green with tea plants. We 
stop to watch the girls feeding 
silkworms. To us this is a land 
of wonders. 

Some of the sports 
of the girls and boys 
of Japan are like 
your own. They 
spin tops, walk on 
stilts, fly kites, roll 
marbles and at 
times throw snow- 
balls. 

The little people 
of Japan are clean. 




Japanese raincoats 



Let US follow the girls and boys 
to one of the temples. They leave 
their shoes or clogs at the door, 
go in and clap their hands softly. 
Then they go out and play among 
the flowers. 

Not far from Japan is the great 
land of China. Many yellow peo- 
ple live there. We shall read more 
about them later. 

Helps : — Where is Japan ? What is 
the color of the people there ? 

Tell about the boys' hair. What may 
be carried in the sleeves ? What kind 
of shoes do the little folks wear ? 

Tell about doll day. Tell about flag 
day. Tell of some of the sights ,you 
might see along the streets. 

Tell what you might 
see in a house in Japan. 
Can you name some 
things the people of 
Japan eat and drink ? 
What are chopsticks ? 
Tell what you might 
see in a workshop. 
Name some of the 
plants that grow in 
Japan. Of what use 
are silkworms ? 

Name some of the 
sports in Japan. Tell 



They bathe in tubs 

of very hot water just before going ^^^^^ ^^^ temples. 

to bed. They often have two or ^^me another land of yellow people. 

three baths a day, to keep cool. Where is China ? Sesjmge 114. 



93 



65. Children of the Far North 

Far away in tlie North are the 
Eskimos. They belong to the fam- 
ily of yellow people. 

Here is an Eskimo boy. When 
he was a baby his mother kept 
him in a Ijag of 
feathers. That '^^''^-^ ' ^ 
was his cradle and 
his bed. Day 







Eskimo boy 

of the Far North 



after day 
he lay in a 
smoky hut, 
till he was 
old enough 

to Avalk. Then his mother made 
him clothes out of sealskin. On his 
jacket she sewed a fur hood to 
cover his head on very cold days. 
The mother has a large hood on 
the back of her own jacket, and 
many a cozy nap the baby took in 
it before he could walk. 





Eskimo in a kayak, spearing a seal 



The Eskimo boy hves in a hut. 
It is built of stones, with earth 
upon it to keep out the cold 
The snow also falls 
and helj^s to keep it 
warm. 

This Ijoy 
is old enough 
to go with 
his father to 
hunt seals. Bring 
out the sled and 
harness the dogs. 
.' goes the long 
whip. Away they 
go over the snow. 
The father knows where the seals 
come out of the icy water to lie in 
the sun. Now they are near the 
place. The boy is left with the dogs. 
His father creeps behind a block 
of ice. Yes, there are the seals ! 
A rush, a blow, 
and one seal is 
held on the end of 
the sharp spear. 

It seems very 

cruel, but the 

people need food. 

No fruit or grain 

grows in that cold land. 

There are no cows to 

milk, but there are sea 

birds that lay eggs. 



94 



This boy has no bread and he 
does not know what the word 
" sugar " means. But now he can 
have meat, and the skin of the 
seal will make a new jacket of 
soft fur. 

It is sport for the Eskimo to 
chase a whale. He paddles his 
canoe, or kayak, very swiftly 
and throws a harpoon as 
straight as an arrow 

The kayak is long 
and narrow. It is 
covered with seal- 
skins. They are 
sewed over the top 
of the canoe, mak- 
ing it water-tight. 
If a kayak upsets, 
an Eskimo can turn 
it right side up 
while in the water. 

These poor people 
are very glad to get 
a whale. Under its 
skin lies a thick 
layer of fat, or Nicbher. This keeps 
the icy water from chilling the 
muscles. The Eskimo uses this fat 
to light and warm his hut. 

Let us go back to the hut. 
Stoop low and creep on your 
hands and knees. Now we are 
inside. Can this be the home of 




Eskimo and his 



our little friend? How does he 
breathe in such a smoky place? 
Look at the lamp. It is a hol- 
low stone, with moss for a wick. 
Where did the oil come from? 
Yes, it came from the blubber of 
the whale. The lamp smokes but 
it keeps the hut warm. 

Look at the little 
Eskimo as he takes 
off his jacket. He 
wears a shirt of 
birdskin, and stock- 
ings of dogskin. 

Now we can see 
his face. The bright 
eyes are slanting. 
The hair is coarse 
and black. The skin 
is brownish yellow. 
Dinner is ready. 
The Eskimo boy 
will have a feast 
to-day. His mother has 
given him a wild duck's 
egg and a large piece of 
blubber. His father is eating a 
slice of raw frozen flesh. 

Some days they eat fish and 
sea fowl. When they kill a white 
bear, its flesh feeds them for a 
long time. 

Eskimos often move from place 
to place. They go to find seals 



95 



and fish. Often they hunt far out 
over the frozen sea. When they 
are to stay in a place for a short 
time only, they make huts out of 
blocks of snow. 

White people in ships visit the 
cold seas of the north for whales 
and seals. These people sell knives, 
needles, cloth and other things to 
the Eskimos. 

In autumn the days are very 
short in the Far North. Then the 



Helps : — Where do the Eskimos live ? 
Why is the Eskimo baby kept in a bag 
of feathers ? Can you think why the 
people in the Far North use sealskins 
for clothing? 

Tell how the Eskimo builds his hut. 
Do you think the Eskimo is cruel when 
he kills a seal ? Do you eat meat ? 

Tell about the canoes. Why does the 
Eskimo like to kill a whale ? Of what 
use is blul)ber to a whale '/ What use 
does the Eskinio make of blubber ? 

Tell about the big lamp in the picture. 
Tell about the Eskimo's clothing. Why 




Scene on the ice in the ocean far north of us 

men hunt all the time while it is do we think he belongs to the yellow 
light. They store up food for the long race? What other people of this great 
winter nig;hts that are near at hand. 



Some Eskimos live in places 
where the longest night lasts many 
weeks. It must be very cold and 
lonely during the long night. For 
a long time the sun is not seen 
even for a minute. In summer 
there is a day just as long. 



race have we studied ? 

What can the Eskimo boy get to eat ? 
When does he live in a snow hut? 

Why do sailors go to the icy sea far 
north of us ? AVhat may an Eskimo buy 
from them ? What can an Eskimo pay 
for such things ? 

Tell about the nights and days in the 
Far North. Would yDU like to live there ? 



96 



66. Home of the Lapps 

Is n't this a warm hut ? See the 
thick sods upon it. The rain cannot 
leak through this roof. When the 
door is shut, cold air cannot get in. 



Come out, little boy, where we 
can see you. What large round 
eyes you have, and what a tiny 
flat nose ! Your face tells us you 
are one of the little yellow people. 




Hut of a Lapland family, with two reindeer 



How dark the hut is ! There is 
not a single window. A hole in the 
top of the roof lets the smoke out. 

Which has the warmest coat, 
the deer, the dog or the little boy 
in the door ? Do you think this is 
a warm land or a cold one ? 



Let us look into the hut. What 
is this bundle that hangs from the 
roof ? It is a hammock made of 
the warm skin of a deer. In it 
swings a pretty baby girl with eyes 
as bright and cheeks as soft as 
your own. 



97 



Would you like to know where 
these people live ? 

Their home is in the north of 
Europe, near the shore of the cold 
ocean. They are 
called Lap2)s. 
They live in Lcq)- 
land{2)age lis). 

Ah! here 




conies a snow- 
storm. Now we 

know why the Lapps wear high 
boots. Let us hurry into the hut. 

See the long strips of smoked 
meat. Here are dishes of 
sweet milk also, and new 
cheese. Do you wonder that 
the Lapps are kind to the 
deer ? Where do you think 
all this food came from ? 

At night the children 
sleep side by side between 
warm deerskins. 

These are reindeer. In 
summer they bite off tender 
shoots of bushes and low 
trees. Li winter they paw 
away tlie snow to find ynoss. 

It has stopped snowing. 
Now for a ride ! Harness a 
deer to a sled and away we will fly 
over the snow. How fast we go ! 
The master says the deer can go a 
hundred miles in one day. 



Reindeer and sled 



The Lapps do not see snow all 

the time. As early as May fields 

are dotted with flowers, and birds 

sing sweetly. Later the bushes 

are loaded with 

berries. 

Now the ice 

melts on the 

lakes and rivers. 

T he hungry t rout 

and salmon bite 

quickly at the hooks. The Lapps 

bring out their tents and go from 

place to place, looking for pastures 

for the deer. 

Helps : — Where do the Lapps 
live '.' What does the picture 
show about their hut ? How 
does the picture show that this 
is a cold land ? 

How does the little boy look ? 
Tell what is iu the hut. Of what 
use are reindeer ? What do they 
feed on ? 

Wliat do the Lapp children 

see in the spring? What can 

they catch in the lakes and 

rivers ? WHiy do the Lapps 

wander about in summer ? 

Can you tell some of the 

A Lapp sights the Kongo children see, 

that the little Lapps never see ? 

What would the boys and girls of 

Japan miss if they went to Lapland 

to live ? 

Name some of the kinds of food Lapps 
eat, that Eskimos do not have. 




98 



67. Children of the Desert 

We start to-day for a land that 
is far away. It is nearly halfway 
round the earth from us. First we 
will go to the great port of New 
York. Then for two weeks we will 
sail to the east on the ocean and 
on the long sea north of Africa, 





Arabs and their camels resting m the desert 

At the east end of this sea camels 
are waiting for us. They kneel for 
us to get on their backs. Now we 
are off on our trip over the desert. 

How dry and sandy the land is. 
How hot the air ! The first night 
we camp near a well of cool water. 
In the morning; we are off ao;ain. 
Before noon we reach another 
well. Here we rest till the sun is 
low in the sky. When the air is 
cooler we move on. 



Days pass and we are still on 
the hot sand. Now the wells are 
far apart. We must carry water 
in bags made of camel's skin. 

It is noon. We halt for the 
day. How the sun beats down ! 

See the dust whirling toward 

us ! What is going to happen ? 

The camels 

are burying 

their noses 

in the sand. 

It is a hot 

whirlwind. 

We must be 

quick, or it 

will reach us 

before we are 

ready for it. 

Put a piece 

of cloth on 

the sand and 

press your face hard down into it. 

Breathe the air from the sand. 

Now the wind is here. We are 
stifling ! It feels like hot coals on 
our bodies. The sand almost buries 
us. Five minutes pass. They seem 
like hours. The camels are raising 
their heads. The storm is over. 
This is the simoon, or stifling wind 
of the desert. 

As we travel over the hot sand 
clouds of locusts fly about us. 



99 



Bees and wasps swarm upon the 
rocks that jut out of the sand 
Scorpions with poison stings creep 
over the dry surface. 

There is not much plant life. 
The camels find small tufts of grass 
and a few thistles. 

Now our road leads over higher 
land. We see tents un 
der date palms. Far 
ahead low moun- 
tains rise on tht 
plain. To- 
morrow our 
journey will 
end. 

Here we 
are at length 
in a land of 
flowers. It 
looks like an 
island gar- 
den in a sea 
of drifting 
sand. Here 
are date palms and fields of grain. 
This is the land of the Arabs. It 
is in the southwest corner of Asia. 
See 'ma]} on imge 114. 

The Arab boys are quite dark 
but they belong to the white fam- 
ily or race. 

Would you like to go to school 
with these Arab boys? They sit 




Arab school 



on the floor to study. They are 
reading from a book that tells 
them not to press wine from 
grapes. In all this land no wine 
is made, but grapes are eaten. 

School is over for the day, and 
our little friends will show us their 
home. First we must see the horses. 
How the Arab loves his 
T\^ horse ! He oils its 
hoofs so that the 
hot sand will not 
crack them. 
He gives it 
green grass 
and pure wa- 
ter. Often he 
feeds it on 
sweet dates 
and barley. 
He puts no 
bit Ijetween 
its teeth Ixit 
guides with 
his knees. 
Now we will look at the camels. 
To the Arabs they are more use- 
ful than horses. 

One kind of camel is used for 
speed. Another carries heavy 
loads. The former will run a 
hundred miles a day. In the cool 
part of the year it can travel eight 
days without drinking. 



100 



For supper we drink camel's 
milk and eat its boiled flesh. We 
have fresh butter and cheese, but 
these are made of 
goat's milk. 

The hair of the 
camel is soft and 
fine. It is used 
in making cloth. 
Some of the Arab 
tents are made of 
this kind of cloth. 

We need not 
stop to look at the 
goats, the sheep and the cattle. 
We can see many like them in 
our own land, when we go home. 




A coffee branch 




Arab family of southwest Asia 



Let us go into the gardens. Here 
are bright flowers, and date trees 
wave in the valleys. We eat fresh 



dates and at the table we have 
sweet cakes made of the same kind 
of fruit. This is a useful fruit. 

Coffee is the 
chief drink of the 
Arabs. The coffee 
berries grow on the 
hilly lands not far 
from the sea. They 
grow also in other 
lands, far from the 
home of the Arabs. 
Some Arabs live 
in good houses of 
stone, bricks or wood. They have 
towns and cities. The people are 
kind and polite. We are sorry to 
leave the dusky white 
boys, but we must go 
back to the dearest 
land of all. 

Helps : — Tell how we 
reach the land of the 
Arabs. Why are wells 
made in the desert ? 

Tell about the simoon. 

Name some of the things 

seen in the desert. Where 

is the land of the Arabs ? 

Tell about the Arab 

school. What is said 

about horses ? Tell what 

you can about camels. 

Tell what you can about the food of 

the Arabs. What is their chief drink ? 

Do all Arabs live in tents ? 



101 



68. The Brown People 

This girl has brown skin. Her 
hair is long and straight. Her eyes 




slant a little. This 
is the In other ot the 
gill. He is strong, 
and can lun fast and 
wrestle. 

These little people 
live on the island of 
Java. It is southeast of Asia. 
map on page 114. 

Java is close by the equator, in 
the hot part of the earth. Heavy 



rain falls there. It is a land of 
fruit and flowers. It is so pretty 
that people call it the "Pearl of 
the East." Heie is the home of 
our brown friends. It is a hut in 
a grove and is made of bamboo. 

The l)lo^\n giil keeps the hut 
very neat. She stuffs pillows with 
soft white down that grows on a 
tree near by. She weaves dried 
glass into mats for beds. Then 
she covers them with pretty cloth. 
Her brother 
pounds the husks 
off the rice they 
^^ ill have for 
l)reakfast. Then 
he gathers coco- 
nuts and a bunch 
of bananas. 

This fruit is 
eaten raw, Init 
the mother cooks 
the rice till it is 
soft and white. 
The only table is 
a mat, and all sit 
upon the ground 
while eating. 
Now they are 
ready for the day's work. The 
coffee berries are turning dark red 
and it is time to pick them. This 
will be the w^ork of the mother 



102 




and the girl. The father and the 

boy must let water in over the 

rice field. 

A coffee tree is a pretty sight. 

It has gray bark, green leaves and 
white waxy 
blossoms. The 
seed |)ods of 
the blossoms 
grow and grow 
to clusters of 
berries that 
look like rosy 
cherries. 

The berries 
are picked and 
spread out to 
dry. Then the 

pulp is pounded or rolled off, and 

out come the coffee seeds ready 

for market. 

By ten o'clock the 

sun is so hot that work 

in the fields is stopped. 

Now the brown people 

sit in the shade of palm 

trees and make baskets. 

When thirsty they cut 

open a coconut and 

drink the cool water or 

" milk " that is inside. 
The father says that 

snares must be set, for 

great bats have been 



A brown man 



nibbling in the 
corn. Have you 
ever seen the 
little bats that 
look like mice 
with wings? 

Some of the 
bats of Java are 
very large and 
are called flying 
foxes. During 
the day they 
hang in trees, but 
in the evening; 
they fly about 
for food. Snares 
and nets will be set for them. 

By four o'clock the air is cooler. 
The father goes back to the rice 
field. The little girl helps her 




Girl of Java 




103 



mother spin cotton into yarn. 
Some day they will weave the 
yarn into cloth and make new 
clothes. 

But what is the ])rown boy do- 
in a;? He is oft' for a cave where 
swallows Iniild their nests. They 
plaster them upon the rocks. A 
few of these nests 
^vill make soup for 
supper. Many of 
the swallows' nests 
are sold to people 
of China. 

These brown 
jDeople are called 
Malays. Most of 
them live on the 
islands southeast 
of Asia. In some 
places they have 
built large cities, 
but some of the 
brown people are fierce savages. 

The white man rules over most 
of the brown people. The Filipinos 
are brown. Their islands are un- 
der the care of our country. They 
built the laroe citv of Manila. 

Helps : — What do the pictures show 
about the brown people ? 

"Where is Java? Why do so many 
fruits and flowers grow there ? Tell all 
you can about the work of the little 




Filipino brown girl 



brown girl. Tell al)0ut the work of 
the brown boy. Name some })roducts of 
Java. What do you know about coffee ? 

What is said about bats ? What is 
said aliout the nests of swallows ? 

What other name is given to the 
brown people ? Are they all alike ? 

Find out all you can about the Fili- 
pinos. What large city have they built ? 

69. In the Lowlands 

To-day we ^^■ill 
visit Holland/ the 
land of canals. It 
is part of a low 
plain. Across it the 
river Rhine flows 
to the sea. 

Holland is in 
Europe. It is far to 
the east, over the 
ocean. The people 
are called Dutr-li. 
This land has 
many canals and ditches. Its wide 
meadows look as level as a floor. 
No fences are needed where there 
are so many canals. 

Boats with white sails seem to 
skim over the meadows, Ijut of 
course they are sailing on the 
canals. Girls often handle Ijoats 
better than the boys do. 

1 Holland is also called The Netherlands^ 
meaniug "the lowlands." See page 113. 



104 



Some of the children spend all 
their lives on boats. They go from 
place to place along the canals, 
where their fathers find work. 
When old enough the boys have 
boats of their own on the canals. 

Let us take a trip on one of 
the house boats. See the long 
rows of windmills ! They are 
pumping water from the low 
fields into ditches. The land is 
so low the water cannot run 
off. When the corn is ripe the 
windmills will 
help to grind it 
into meal. 

What are 
these men do- 



ing ? They are 

cutting strips of 

soft earth and 

putting them 

where they will dry. The strips are 

filled with roots and grass. This is 

peat. It will be sold for fuel. 

Here is a band of haymakers. 
See the girls working in the field. 
Yes, the mothers and sisters often 
make hay, dig potatoes, sow grain, 
hoe corn and do other kinds of 
work. They even help to draw 
boats along the canals. 

What queer shoes the horses 
wear in the fields ! They are small 




Windmill by a canal in Holland 



boards tied under the hoofs. Can 
you think what they are for ? 

A large part of this low land 
is soft and boggy. It seems like a 
wet sponge. The ground trembles 
under the children at play. If it 
were not for the wide shoes, the 
horses would 
sink deep into 
the soil. 

What a land 
this is for bare- 
foot girls and 
boys! They 
can splash in 
the puddles, 
wade in the 
ditches, sail 
boats on the 
long canals 
and catch fish 
everywhere. 
You should see the Dutch chil- 
dren in winter. Then the canals 
are frozen. How swiftly they skim 
over the ice ! The canals are alive 
with skaters. 

Poor children use wooden skates 
but they have fun. People go to 
market on skates. Here is a girl 
going to sell a basket of eggs. She 
will bring back a small red cheese 
and a loaf of bread about two 
feet long. 



105 



Would YOU like to wear wooden 
shoes ? Of course you would take 
them off at the door and not wear 
them m the house. 

Here we are at a bridge. Our 
house boat cannot pass till the 
bridge is raised. The men who 
move the bridge swing out to us 
a little wooden shoe on the end of 
a pole and line, and we drop into 
it a small piece of money 
to pay them for their work. 

Now we are near a city. 
It looks like a forest of masts, 
trees and steeples. Boats, 
boats sail everywhere ! The 
houses are very neat. Per- 
ha|)s the kitchen is the front 
room, l)ut what of it ? 

Would you like to live in 
Holland ? 

Helps : — Where is Holland ? What 
are its people called ? What river flows 
across this low land ? 

Why are no fences needed ? In low, 
level land would the water in canals be 
swift or slow ? 

Why are so many house boats used ? 
Of what use are the windmills ? What 
do the poor Dutch use for fuel ? 

What kind of work do the women 
help to do ? Name some of the farm 
products of Holland. 

What is said about shoes for horses ? 

Tell about the canals in winter. Have 
you read " Hans Brinker " ? 



What is said about the bridge over 
the canal ? 

AVhat new things would an Eskimo 
boy see if he were to visit Holland ? 
What would the Dutch boy miss if he 
went to live in the icy land of the 
Eskimo ? 

What would the Lapp boy miss if he 
went to live in Holland ? Could he wear 
the same kind of clothing ? 

Would you rather live in Holland or 
in the land of the Arabs ? Tell wliv. 




When a dike breaks in Holland 

70. In the Highlands 

Let us leave the land of canals 
and sail far up the river Rhine. 
Hans, a Dutch boy, will go with 
us to visit the Swiss boys in the 
high Alps. See maj) on jmge lis. 

How strange the place looks to 
Hans ! He has always lived on 
low land by the sea. Now for the 
first time he sees hio;h mountains. 
Snow lies upon them all the year. 

Here we are in a pretty vil- 
lage, close by trhe snowy peaks. 



106 



A Swiss boy comes down the road 
to meet us. 

What do you think Hans misses 
most ? Yes, the quiet canals. Here 
he sees no white sails skimming 
about. The Swiss streams rush 



Carts are loaded with food and 
bedding for them. The boys are 
happy. They are going on a long 
trip. 

When all are ready they set out 
with long lines of cattle and sheep. 



and roar over steep rocky beds. The flocks graze for a few days at 




The Swiss boy comes running to meet Hans 



Hans feels of the water and finds 
it icy cold. He cannot go wading 
here. The water comes from a gla- 
cier, or river of ice, that slowly 
creeps down the slope. 

The Swiss village is all alive to- 
day. Spring has come. The flocks 
must be driven to the high grassy 
valleys in the mountains. 

The men with the flocks will 
be away from home all summer. 



the foot of the range. As the snow 
melts they climb higher. In the 
high valleys they find the grass 
green and tender. Here they will 
feed till the snow comes again. 

The boys help to tend the flocks. 
Then they play by the swift 
streams or gather wild flowers. 
Once in a while they see a chamois, 
as it leaps from rock to rock far 
above them. 



107 



The chamois looks partly like a 
deer and partly like a goat. It is 
very shy and has keen scent and 
siglit. It is hard to shoot. 

In winter it feeds on the tender 
shoots of fir and pine trees. 




Scene in the high Alps 

In summer it is found close to the 
snow cap on the highest peaks. 

The chamois is noted for its lono; 
leaps over chasms. It is often seen 
playing in the light snow. 

At times the boys lie awake and 
listen to the ice river. It cracks as 
it moves slowly past the cabin. 

One day the boys see a great 
mass of ice and snow slide into 
the valley. At first it moves 
slowly, but soon it crashes along. 
Large trees snap and break. Great 



rocks whirl down the slope. The 
earth trembles. The flying mass 
gives out a loud roar. 

When it is over, Hans tells a 
story about the sea breaking its 
banks and flooding his father's 
, field. The Swiss boy 
tells about the snow 
that slid down last 
winter and buried 
part of his village. 

Weeks pass. At 
length the snow falls 
a little lower on the 
slopes. The snow 
cap creeps dow^n into 
the high valleys 
where the flocks are. 
They must start for 
home or they may be 
caught in a storm. 
It is the middle of Septeuiber. 
All the village is dressed for a holi- 
day. To-day the men come wdth 
the flocks from the mountains. 
The girls and boys march out 
with bells and flags to meet them. 
The day is given to sports and 
games. The young men w^restle, 
run races and shoot. In the even- 
ing bonfires are lighted. While 
the young people are dancing, the 
snow begins to fall. Winter is at 
hand. 



108 



What have the girls and boys 
been doing all summer ? They 
have hel]3ed their mothers mow 
grass, take care of the gardens 
and make straw hats. They 
have milked cows and 
goats and have made 
butter and cheese. You 
know how butter and 





A Swiss girl and her cabin in the Alps 

cheese are made. In this Swiss 
village the swift streams are made 
to turn the churns. 

Milk and cheese are used for 
food. Very little meat is eaten. 
Potatoes are raised, and these often 
take the place of bread. The or- 
chards have apples and pears. 

Every year many people visit 
the Alps. They like to see the 



snowy peaks, the long glaciers, 
the high falls and pretty lakes. 
Young Swiss men act as guides. 
Now the time has come for Hans 
to go back to his home by 
the canals. He will stop 
for a few days in the 
Swiss city of Geneva, 
to see the workshops. 
Here he will watch 
the people spin silk and 
weave wool into cloth. He 
will also see them make 
watches and music boxes. 

Helps : — Where do the 
Swiss people live ? What high 
mountains do they see ? 

Why are the Swiss streams 
cold ? Why are they swift ? 

AVhy do the flocks go to the 
high valleys ? Why do they 
not go to the top of the moun- 

-" *- ' tains ? Tell about the chamois. 

Tell about the snowslide. 

When do the flocks go down 

to the village ? Tell about the holiday. 

What kinds of work have the girls and 

boys in the village been doing ? What 

kinds of food do the Swiss people eat ? 

Why do many people visit the Alps ? 

ISTame a Swiss city. What do the people 

of Geneva make ? 

What would the Swiss boy miss if he 
went to live with the Arabs ? 

Now we have seen homes in many 
lands. If you could not live in your own 



land, which would you choose ? 




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